Robust random number generation using steady-state emission of gain-switched laser diodes
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We demonstrate robust, high-speed random number generation using interference of the steady-state emission of guaranteed random phases, obtained through gain-switching a semiconductor laser diode. Steady-state emission tolerates large temporal pulse misalignments and therefore significantly improves the interference quality. Using an 8-bit digitizer followed by a finite-impulse-response unbiasing algorithm, we achieve random number generation rates of 8 and 20 Gb/s, for laser repetition rates of 1 and 2.5 GHz, respectively, with a ±20% tolerance in the interferometer differential delay. We also report a generation rate of 80 Gb/s using partially phase-correlated short pulses. In relation to the field of quantum key distribution, our results confirm the gain-switched laser diode as a suitable light source, capable of providing phase-randomized coherent pulses at a clock rate of up to 2.5 GHz.
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To overcome the bandwidth limitation of shot noise-limited homodyne detection, researchers have developed QRNGs based on measuring phase or intensity noise of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), which is quantum mechanical by nature.
“To overcome the bandwidth limitation of shot noise-limited homodyne detection, researchers have developed QRNGs based on measuring phase 40 -45 or intensity noise 46,47 of ampli fi ed spontaneous emission(ASE), which is quantum mechanical by nature. 15,48,49”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
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Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG): theoretical and experimental investigations
Haider, Z., Saeed, M. H., Zaheer, M., Alvi, Z. A., Ilyas, M., Nasreen, T., Imran, M., Islam, R., & Ikram, M. (2023) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04421-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Practical Quantum Key Distribution with Non-Phase-Randomized Coherent States
Liu, L., Wang, Y., Lavie, E., Wang, C., Ricou, A., Guo, F. Z., & Lim, C. C. W. (2019) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.12.024048 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Imran, M., Sorianello, V., Fresi, F., Jalil, B., Romagnoli, M., & Potì, L. (2020) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126736 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aldama, J., Sarmiento, S., Etcheverry, S., Valivarthi, R., Grande, I. H. L., Vidarte, L. T., & Pruneri, V. (2023) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.474665 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chrysostomidis, T., Roumpos, I., Outerelo, D. Á., Costas, M. T., Moskalenko, V., García-Escartín, J. C., Díaz-Otero, F. J., & Vyrsokinos, K. (2023) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00162-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Implementation Security Certification of Decoy‐BB84 Quantum Key Distribution Systems
Tomita, A. (2019) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.201900005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Generalized time-bin quantum random number generator with uncharacterized devices
Tebyanian, H., Zahidy, M., Müller, R., Forchhammer, S. O., Bacco, D., & Oxenløwe, L. K. (2024) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00227-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Roberts, G. L., Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J. F., Savory, S. J., Yuan, Z. L., & Shields, A. J. (2017) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.5004488 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationPractical quantum random number generator based on sampling vacuum fluctuationsPreprint
Zhou, Q., Valivarthi, R., John, C., & Tittel, W. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1703.00559 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Quantum random number generator based on polarization switching in gain-switched VCSELs
Valle-Miñón, M., Quirce, A., Angel Valle, A., & Gutiérrez, J. (2022) · Optics Continuum · doi:10.1364/optcon.464530 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lim, K., Choi, B., Baek, J. H., Kim, M., Choe, J., Kim, K., Ko, Y., & Youn, C. J. (2021) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.427055 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Analysis of the effects of temperature increase on quantum random number generator
Li, Y., Fei, Y., Wang, W., Meng, X., Wang, H., Duan, Q., & Ma, Z. (2021) · The European Physical Journal D · doi:10.1140/epjd/s10053-021-00087-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mendes, P. N., Teixeira, G. L., Pinho, D. R., Rocha, R. M., André, P. S. D. B., Niehus, M., Faleiro, R., Rusca, D., & Cruzeiro, E. Z. (2024) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-024-00254-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Assessing the quality of random number generators through neural networks
Crespo, J. L., González‐Villa, J., Gutiérrez, J., & Valle, A. (2024) · Machine Learning Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ad56fb · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Angel Valle, A. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.19.054005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Step-Pulse Modulation of Gain-Switched Semiconductor Pulsed Laser
Li, B., Sun, C., Ling, Y., Zhou, H., & Qiu, K. L. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9030602 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bias-free true random number generation using superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors
He, Y., Zhang, W., Zhou, H., You, L., Lv, C., Zhang, L., Liu, X., Wu, J., Chen, S., Ren, M., et al. (2016) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/0953-2048/29/8/085005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Continuous-variable random-number generation from an amplified spontaneous emission light source
Tomaru, T. (2020) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.386855 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Spontaneous emission rate and phase diffusion in gain-switched laser diodes
Quirce, A., & Angel Valle, A. (2022) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.107992 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The m -least significant bits operation for quantum random number generation
Chen, Z., Li, Z., Xu, B., Zhang, Y., & Guo, H. (2019) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6455/ab3c01 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rivero, I., del Pozo, A. L., Valle-Miñón, M., Quirce, A., & Angel Valle, A. (2023) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics10040474 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An ultra-fast quantum random number generation scheme based on laser phase noise
Yang, J., Wu, M., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Huang, W., Wang, H., Pan, Y., Su, Q., Bian, Y., Jiang, H., et al. (2025) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-025-02436-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Comparing pseudo- and quantum-random number generators with Monte Carlo simulations
Cirauqui, D., García-March, M. Á., Corominas, G. G. I., Graß, T., Grzybowski, P. R., Muñoz-Gil, G., Saavedra, J. R. M., & Lewenstein, M. (2024) · APL Quantum · doi:10.1063/5.0199568 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Marcomini, A., Currás-Lorenzo, G., Rusca, D., Angel Valle, A., Tamaki, K., & Curty, M. (2025) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-025-00340-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Angel Valle, A. (2021) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics8090388 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Noise-Rejecting Photonic Integrated Circuit for Robust Quantum Random Number Generation
Smith, P. R., Marangon, D. G., Paraiso, T. K., Dynes, J. F., & Shields, A. J. (2025) · Optical Fiber Communication Conference · doi:10.1364/ofc.2026.tu3k.6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationStatistical fluctuation analysis of measurement-device-independent quantum random-number generation
Song, T., Tan, X., & Weng, J. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.99.022333 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Optimality of quantum randomness certification with independent devices
Fei, X.-W., Yin, Z., Cui, C., Huang, W., Xu, B., Wang, S., Chen, W., Han, Y.-G., Guo, G., & Han, Z. (2018) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.35.002186 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Quirce, A., Angel Valle, A., Valle-Miñón, M., & Gutiérrez, J. (2023) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.506611 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yuan, Z. L., Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J. F., Fröhlich, B., Plews, A., & Shields, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory , 208 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United Kingdom
- Venue
- Applied Physics Letters
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 2014-06-30
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 26
- ISSN
- 0003-6951 (ISSN-L)
- 1077-3118
- OpenAlex
- W2036268119
- Semantic Scholar
- 619889d0d454ee8336c5d13bea95650a5d91a5c3
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 11.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Applied Physics Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Random lasers and scattering media
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices
- Keywords
- random number generation, gain-switched laser diode, optical interference, steady-state emission, high-speed random number generation, quantum key distribution, semiconductor lasers
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