True random numbers from amplified quantum vacuum
Open accessAbstract
Random numbers are essential for applications ranging from secure communications to numerical simulation and quantitative finance. Algorithms can rapidly produce pseudo-random outcomes, series of numbers that mimic most properties of true random numbers while quantum random number generators (QRNGs) exploit intrinsic quantum randomness to produce true random numbers. Single-photon QRNGs are conceptually simple but produce few random bits per detection. In contrast, vacuum fluctuations are a vast resource for QRNGs: they are broad-band and thus can encode many random bits per second. Direct recording of vacuum fluctuations is possible, but requires shot-noise-limited detectors, at the cost of bandwidth. We demonstrate efficient conversion of vacuum fluctuations to true random bits using optical amplification of vacuum and interferometry. Using commercially-available optical components we demonstrate a QRNG at a bit rate of 1.11 Gbps. The proposed scheme has the potential to be extended to 10 Gbps and even up to 100 Gbps by taking advantage of high speed modulation sources and detectors for optical fiber telecommunication devices.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
To overcome the bandwidth limitation of shot noise-limited homodyne detection, researchers have developed QRNGs based on measuring phase or intensity noise of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), which is quantum mechanical by nature.
“To overcome the bandwidth limitation of shot noise-limited homodyne detection, researchers have developed QRNGs based on measuring phase 40 -45 or intensity noise 46,47 of ampli fi ed spontaneous emission(ASE), which is quantum mechanical by nature. 15,48,49”
From Quantum random number generation (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Gisin, N., Ribordy, G., Tittel, W., & Zbinden, H. (2002) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.74.145 · Cited by 8,515 · see citing works
Random numbers certified by Bell’s theorem
Pironio, S., Acín, A., Massar, S., de la Giroday, A. B., Matsukevich, D. N., Maunz, P., Olmschenk, S., Hayes, D., Luo, L., Manning, T. A., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09008 · Cited by 1,420 · see citing works
Optical Absorption of Gallium Arsenide between 0.6 and 2.75 eV
Sturge, M. D. (1962) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.127.768 · Cited by 1,083 · see citing works
Squeezing of intracavity and traveling-wave light fields produced in parametric amplification
Collett, M. J., & Gardiner, C. W. (1984) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.30.1386 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Fast physical random bit generation with chaotic semiconductor lasers
Uchida, A., Amano, K., Inoue, M., Hirano, K., Naito, S., Someya, H., Oowada, I., Kurashige, T., Shiki, M., Yoshimori, S., et al. (2008) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2008.227 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Metropolis, N., & Ulam, S. M. (1949) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2280232 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
A fast and compact quantum random number generator
Jennewein, T., Achleitner, U., Weihs, G., Weinfurter, H., & Zeilinger, A. (2000) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.1150518 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
A generator for unique quantum random numbers based on vacuum states
Gabriel, C., Wittmann, C., Sych, D., Dong, R., Mauerer, W., Andersen, U. L., Marquardt, C., & Leuchs, G. (2010) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.197 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
High-speed quantum random number generation by measuring phase noise of a single-mode laser
Qi, B., Chi, Y.-M., Lo, H.-K., & Qian, L. (2010) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.35.000312 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Real time demonstration of high bitrate quantum random number generation with coherent laser light
Symul, T., Assad, S. M., & Lam, P. K. (2011) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.3597793 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Wahl, M., Leifgen, M., Berlin, M., Röhlicke, T., Rahn, H.-J., & Benson, O. J. (2011) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.3578456 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
High speed optical quantum random number generation
Fürst, M., Weier, H., Nauerth, S., Marangon, D. G., Kurtsiefer, C., & Weinfurter, H. (2010) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.18.013029 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Iterating Von Neumann's Procedure for Extracting Random Bits
Peres, Y. (1992) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176348543 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Truly random number generation based on measurement of phase noise of a laser
Guo, H. M., Tang, W., Liu, Y., & Wei, W. (2010) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.81.051137 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Quantum random number generator based on photonic emission in semiconductors
Stipčević, M., & Rogina, B. M. (2007) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.2720728 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Extracting Randomness: A Survey and New Constructions
Nisan, N., & Ta‐Shma, A. (1999) · Journal of Computer and System Sciences · doi:10.1006/jcss.1997.1546 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Low-bias high-speed quantum random number generator via shaped optical pulses
Wayne, M. A., & Kwiat, P. G. (2010) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.18.009351 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Robust and reliable defect control for Runge-Kutta methods
Enright, W. H., & Hayes, W. B. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software · doi:10.1145/1206040.1206041 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Quantum random number generator using photon-number path entanglement
Kwon, O., Cho, Y., & Kim, Y.-H. (2009) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.48.001774 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dice for Statistical Experiments
Galton, F. (1890) · Nature · doi:10.1038/042013a0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Suematsu, Y., & Arai, S. (2000) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/2944.902199 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Demonstrating quantum random with single photons
Bronner, P., Strunz, A., Silberhorn, C., & Meyn, J.-P. (2009) · European Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/5/026 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [2][2] R. Corporation, Ed., A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates . The Free Press, 1955. -
- [7][7] N. Ferguson, B. Schneier, and T. Kohno, Cryptography Engineering: Design Principles and Practical Applications . Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2010. -
- [9][9] S. Banks, P. Beadling, and A. Ferencz, 'FPGA Implementation of Pseudo Random Number Generators for Monte Carlo Methods in Quantitative Finance,' in Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Reconfigurable, Computing and FPGAs, RECONFIG'08 . IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA, 2008, pp. 271-276. -
- [11][11] R. Colbeck and A. Kent, 'Private randomness expansion with untrusted devices,' J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. , vol. 44, p. 095305, 2011. -
- [31][31] P. L'Ecuyer and R. Simard, 'TestU01: A C library for empirical testing of random number generators,' ACM Trans. Math. Softw. , vol. 33, no. 4, Article 22, p. 40, 2007.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Secure quantum key distribution
Lo, H., Curty, M., & Tamaki, K. (2014) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.149 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum random number generators
Herrero-Collantes, M., & García-Escartín, J. C. (2017) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.89.015004 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Quantum random number generation
Ma, X., Yuan, X., Cao, Z., Qi, B., & Zhang, Z. (2016) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/npjqi.2016.21 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Experimental quantum key distribution beyond the repeaterless secret key capacity
Minder, M., Pittaluga, M., Roberts, G. L., Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J. F., Yuan, Z. L., & Shields, A. J. (2019) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0377-7 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Ultrafast quantum random number generation based on quantum phase fluctuations
Xu, F., Qi, B., Ma, X., Xu, H., Zheng, H., & Lo, H.-K. (2012) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.20.012366 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Continuous-variable quantum key distribution system: Past, present, and future
Zhang, Y., Bian, Y., Li, Z., Yu, S., & Guo, H. M. (2024) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0179566 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Quantum randomness certified by the uncertainty principle
Vallone, G., Marangon, D. G., Tomasin, M., & Villoresi, P. (2014) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.90.052327 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Ultra-fast quantum randomness generation by accelerated phase diffusion in a pulsed laser diode
Abellán, C., Amaya, W., Jofre, M., Curty, M., Acín, A., Capmany, J., Pruneri, V., & Mitchell, M. W. (2014) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.22.001645 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationThe generation of 68 Gbps quantum random number by measuring laser phase fluctuations
Nie, Y.-Q., Huang, L., Liu, Y., Payne, F., Zhang, J., & Pan, J.-W. (2015) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.4922417 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Maximization of Extractable Randomness in a Quantum Random-Number Generator
Haw, J. Y., Assad, S. M., Lance, A. M., Ng, N. H. Y., Sharma, V., Lam, P. K., & Symul, T. (2015) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.3.054004 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Quantum entropy source on an InP photonic integrated circuit for random number generation
Abellán, C., Amaya, W., Doménech, D., Muñoz, P., Capmany, J., Longhi, S., Mitchell, M. W., & Pruneri, V. (2016) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.3.000989 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationRobust random number generation using steady-state emission of gain-switched laser diodes
Yuan, Z. L., Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J. F., Fröhlich, B., Plews, A., & Shields, A. J. (2014) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4886761 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Experimental measurement-device-independent quantum digital signatures
Roberts, G. L., Lucamarini, M., Yuan, Z. L., Dynes, J. F., Comandar, L. C., Sharpe, A. W., Shields, A. J., Curty, M., Puthoor, I. V., & Andersson, E. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01245-5 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneration of Fresh and Pure Random Numbers for Loophole-Free Bell Tests
Abellán, C., Amaya, W., Mitrani, D., Pruneri, V., & Mitchell, M. W. (2015) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.115.250403 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationRandom bit generation using an optically injected semiconductor laser in chaos with oversampling
Li, X., & Chan, S.-C. (2012) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.37.002163 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Randomness in quantum mechanics: philosophy, physics and technology
Bera, M. N., Acín, A., Kuś, M., Mitchell, M. W., & Lewenstein, M. (2017) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/aa8731 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationMannalath, V., Mishra, S., & Pathak, A. (2023) · Quantum Information Processing · doi:10.1007/s11128-023-04175-y · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Implementation involving pulsed laser sources where the phase difference between consecutive pulses is used to generate random numbers has also been demonstrated [147, 148].”
BackgroundAll-optical quantum random bit generation from intrinsically binary phase of parametric oscillators
Marandi, A., Leindecker, N. C., Vodopyanov, K. L., & Byer, R. L. (2012) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.20.019322 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Secure Quantum Communication Technologies and Systems: From Labs to Markets
Cavaliere, F., Prati, E., Potì, L., Muhammad, I., & Catuogno, T. (2020) · Quantum Reports · doi:10.3390/quantum2010007 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
100-Gbit/s Integrated Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Vacuum Fluctuations
Bruynsteen, C., Gehring, T., Lupo, C., Bauwelinck, J., & Yin, X. L. (2023) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.4.010330 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Rigidity of quantum steering and one-sided device-independent verifiable quantum computation
Gheorghiu, A., Wallden, P., & Kashefi, E. (2017) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aa5cff · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Heterodyne Random Bit Generation Using an Optically Injected Semiconductor Laser in Chaos
Li, X., & Chan, S.-C. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jqe.2013.2279261 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
45 Gbps high-speed real-time physical random bit generator
Wang, A., Li, P., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Li, L., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.21.020452 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Recommendations and illustrations for the evaluation of photonic random number generators
Hart, J. D., Terashima, Y., Uchida, A., Baumgartner, G. B., Murphy, T. E., & Roy, R. (2017) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/1.5000056 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Experimental measurement-device-independent quantum random-number generation
Nie, Y.-Q., Guan, J.-Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, Q., Ma, X., Zhang, J., & Pan, J.-W. (2016) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.94.060301 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Quantum technologies in the telecommunications industry
Martin, V., Brito, J. P., Escribano, C., Menchetti, M., White, C., Lord, A., Wissel, F., Gunkel, M., Gavignet, P., Genay, N., et al. (2021) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-021-00108-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
High speed continuous variable source-independent quantum random number generation
Xu, B., Chen, Z., Li, Z., Yang, J., Su, Q., Huang, W., Zhang, Y., & Guo, H. (2019) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab0fd9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Quantum random number generator using a microresonator-based Kerr oscillator
Okawachi, Y., Yu, M., Luke, K. J., de Carvalho, D. O., Lipson, M. F., & Gaeta, A. L. (2016) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.41.004194 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Raffaelli, F., Sibson, P., Kennard, J., Mahler, D. H., Thompson, M. G., & Matthews, J. C. F. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.019730 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Fully Passive Quantum Key Distribution
Wang, W., Wang, R., Hu, C.-Q., Zapatero, V., Qian, L., Qi, B., Curty, M., & Lo, H. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.220801 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationA Monolithic Silicon Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Measurement of Photon Detection Time
Khanmohammadi, A., Enne, R., Hofbauer, M., & Zimmermanna, H. (2015) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2015.2479411 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Note: Fully integrated 3.2 Gbps quantum random number generator with real-time extraction
Zhang, X.-G., Nie, Y.-Q., Zhou, H., Liang, H., Ma, X., Zhang, J., & Pan, J.-W. (2016) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.4958663 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
All-Optical Quantum Random Bit Generation from Intrinsically Binary Phase of Parametric OscillatorsPreprint
Marandi, A., Leindecker, N. C., Vodopyanov, K. L., & Byer, R. L. (2014) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Li, X., Li, S.-S., Zhuang, J.-P., & Chan, S.-C. (2015) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.40.003970 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Randomness generation based on spontaneous emissions of lasers
Zhou, H., Yuan, X., & Ma, X. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.91.062316 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Random numbers from vacuum fluctuations
Shi, Y., Chng, B., & Kurtsiefer, C. (2016) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4959887 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Strong experimental guarantees in ultrafast quantum random number generation
Mitchell, M. W., Abellán, C., & Amaya, W. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.91.012314 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationBiasing the quantum vacuum to control macroscopic probability distributions
Roques‐Carmes, C., Salamin, Y., Sloan, J., Choi, S., Velez, G., Koskas, E., Rivera, N., Kooi, S. E., Joannopoulos, J. D., & Marin Soljacic, A. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adh4920 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Quantum random number cloud platform
Huang, L., Zhou, H., Feng, K., & Xie, C. (2021) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-021-00442-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Fully photonics-based physical random bit generator
Li, P., Sun, Y., Liu, X., Yi, X., Zhang, J., Guo, X., Guo, Y., & Wang, Y. (2016) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.41.003347 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Quantum key distribution with hacking countermeasures and long term field trial
Dixon, A. R., Dynes, J. F., Lucamarini, M., Fröhlich, B., Sharpe, A. W., Plews, A., Tam, W. P., Yuan, Z. L., Tanizawa, Y., Sato, H., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01884-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gain-switched semiconductor laser driven soliton microcombs
Weng, W., Kaszubowska-Anandarajah, A., He, J., Lakshmijayasimha, P. D., Lucas, E., Liu, J., Anandarajah, P. M., & Kippenberg, T. J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21569-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Practical quantum random‐number generation based on sampling vacuum fluctuations
Zhou, Q., Valivarthi, R., John, C., & Tittel, W. (2019) · Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1002/que2.8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Long-Term Test of a Fast and Compact Quantum Random Number Generator
Marangon, D. G., Plews, A., Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J. F., Sharpe, A. W., Yuan, Z., & Shields, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2018.2841773 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Quantum random bit generation using energy fluctuations in stimulated Raman scattering
Bustard, P. J., England, D. G., Nunn, J., Moffatt, D., Spanner, M., Lausten, R., & Sussman, B. (2013) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.21.029350 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Yuan, Z. L., Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J. F., Fröhlich, B., Ward, M. B., & Shields, A. J. (2014) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.2.064006 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
54 Gbps real time quantum random number generator with simple implementation
Yang, J., Liu, J., Su, Q., Li, Z., Fan, F., Xu, B., & Guo, H. (2016) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.24.027475 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Simple source device-independent continuous-variable quantum random number generator
Smith, P. R., Marangon, D. G., Lucamarini, M., Yuan, Z. L., & Shields, A. J. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.99.062326 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Quantum true random number generation on IBM’s cloud platform
Kumar, V., Rayappan, J. B. B., Amirtharajan, R., & Praveenkumar, P. (2022) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.01.015 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Real-time interferometric quantum random number generation on chip
Roger, T., Paraïso, T. K., Marco, I. D., Marangon, D. G., Yuan, Z. L., & Shields, A. J. (2019) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.36.00b137 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Characterizing Phase Noise in a Gain-Switched Laser Diode for Quantum Random-Number Generation
Lovic, V., Marangon, D. G., Lucamarini, M., Yuan, Z. L., & Shields, A. J. (2021) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.16.054012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
40 Gb/s quantum random number generation based on optically sampled amplified spontaneous emission
Guo, Y., Cai, Q., Li, P., Jia, Z., Xu, B., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, R., Gao, Z., Shore, K. A., et al. (2021) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0040250 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
GPUs and chaos: a new true random number generator
Teh, J. S., Samsudin, A., Almazrooie, M., & Akhavan, A. (2015) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-015-2287-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Plug-and-play continuous-variable quantum key distribution for metropolitan networks
Valivarthi, R., Etcheverry, S., Aldama, J., Zwiehoff, F., & Pruneri, V. (2020) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.391491 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation117 Gbits/s Quantum Random Number Generation With Simple Structure
Liu, J., Yang, J., Li, Z., Su, Q., Huang, W., Xu, B., & Guo, H. (2016) · IEEE Photonics Technology Letters · doi:10.1109/lpt.2016.2639562 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Yuan, Z., Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J., Fröhlich, B., Ward, M., Shields, A., et al. (2014) · Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Real-time operation of a multi-rate, multi-protocol quantum key distribution transmitter
Marco, I. D., Woodward, R. I., Roberts, G. L., Paraïso, T. K., Roger, T., Sanzaro, M., Lucamarini, M., Yuan, Z. L., & Shields, A. J. (2021) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.423517 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fast random number generator based on optical physical unclonable functions
Chen, K., Huang, F., Wang, P., Wan, Y., Li, D., & Yao, Y. (2021) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.435221 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Robust Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Avalanche Photodiodes
Wang, F., Wang, C., Chen, W., Wang, S., Lv, F.-S., He, D.-Y., Yin, Z.-Q., Li, H.-W., Guo, G.-C., & Han, Z.-F. (2015) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2015.2432803 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A high-speed multi-protocol quantum key distribution transmitter based on a dual-drive modulator
Korzh, B. A., Walenta, N., Houlmann, R., & Zbinden, H. (2013) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.21.019579 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Shakhovoy, R., Sharoglazova, V., Udaltsov, A., Duplinskiy, A., Kurochkin, V. L., & Kurochkin, Y. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jqe.2021.3055149 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Structures and Methods for Fully-Integrated Quantum Random Number Generators
Acerbi, F., Massari, N., Gasparini, L., Tomasi, A., Zorzi, N., Fontana, G., Pavesi, L., & Gola, A. G. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2020.2990216 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
True randomness from an incoherent source
Qi, B. (2017) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.4986048 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Huang, L., & Zhou, H. (2019) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.36.00b130 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Shakhovoy, R., Васильевич, С. Д., Sharoglazova, V., Udaltsov, A., Fedorov, A. K., & Kurochkin, Y. (2020) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.380156 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Marangon, D. G., Smith, P. R., Walk, N., Paraïso, T. K., Dynes, J. F., Lovic, V., Sanzaro, M., Roger, T., Marco, I. D., Lucamarini, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-024-01140-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Efficient Raman generation in a waveguide: A route to ultrafast quantum random number generation
England, D. G., Bustard, P. J., Moffatt, D. J., Nunn, J., Lausten, R., & Sussman, B. (2014) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4864095 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Phase Fluctuation Based Practical Quantum Random Number Generator Scheme with Delay-Free Structure
Huang, M., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., & Guo, H. M. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10072431 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yang, J., Fan, F., Liu, J., Su, Q., Li, Y., Huang, W., & Xu, B. (2020) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/abbd80 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lin, X. P., Wang, S., Yin, Z.-Q., Fan-Yuan, G.-J., Wang, R., Chen, W., He, D.-Y., Zhou, Z., Guo, G.-C., & Han, Z.-F. (2020) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-020-00331-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Unbiased All-Optical Random-Number Generator
Steinle, T. R. J., Greiner, J. N., Wrachtrup, J., Giessen, H. W., & Gerhardt, I. (2017) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.7.041050 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Interferometric photodetection in silicon photonics for phase diffusion quantum entropy sources
Rudé, M., Abellán, C., Capdevila, A., Doménech, D., Mitchell, M. W., Amaya, W., & Pruneri, V. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.031957 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationRandom polarization switching in gain-switched VCSELs for quantum random number generation
Quirce, A., & Valle, A. (2022) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.446838 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Semiconductor Emitters in Entropy Sources for Quantum Random Number Generation
Alkhazragi, O., Lu, H., Yan, W., Almaymoni, N. K., Park, T., Wang, Y., Ng, T. K., & Ooi, B. S. (2023) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.202300289 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Experimental study of a quantum random-number generator based on two independent lasers
Sun, S., & Xu, F. (2017) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.96.062314 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Septriani, B., de Vries, O., Steinlechner, F., & Gräfe, M. (2020) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0011418 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting the photon-number statistics of a quantum key distribution light source
Dynes, J. F., Lucamarini, M., Patel, K. A., Sharpe, A. W., Ward, M. B., Yuan, Z. L., & Shields, A. J. (2018) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.26.022733 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Quantified effects of the laser-seeding attack in quantum key distribution
Lovic, V., Marangon, D. G., Smith, P. R., Woodward, R. I., & Shields, A. J. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.20.044005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lu, H., Alkhazragi, O., Wang, Y., Ng, T. K., & Ooi, B. S. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2024.3462489 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quantum Random Number Generation
Kollmitzer, C., Schauer, S., Raß, S., & Rainer, B. (2020) · Quantum science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72596-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Gaussian-Distributed Quantum Random Number Generator Using Vacuum Shot Noise
Huang, M., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., & Guo, H. M. (2020) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e22060618 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Compact quantum random number generation using a linear optocoupler
Hu, Y., Ding, Y., Wang, S., Yin, Z., Chen, W., He, D., Huang, W., Xu, B., Guo, G., & Han, Z. (2021) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.430043 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mironowicz, P., Tavakoli, A., Hameedi, A., Marques, B., Pawłowski, M., & Bourennane, M. (2016) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/18/6/065004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Phase randomness in a semiconductor laser: Issue of quantum random-number generation
Shakhovoy, R., Puplauskis, M., Sharoglazova, V., Duplinskiy, A., Васильевич, С. Д., Максимова, Е. Ю., Hydyrova, S., Tumachek, A., Mironov, Y. B., Kovalyuk, V. V., et al. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.012616 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Navarrete, Á., Wang, W., Xu, F., & Curty, M. (2018) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aab746 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptable transmitter for discrete and continuous variable quantum key distribution
Grande, I. H. L., Etcheverry, S., Aldama, J., Ghasemi, S., Nolan, D. A., & Pruneri, V. (2021) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.425382 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationRandomness quantification of coherent detection
Zhou, H., Zeng, P., Razavi, M., & Ma, X. (2018) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.98.042321 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Phase diffusion in gain-switched semiconductor lasers for quantum random number generation
Quirce, A., & Valle, A. (2021) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.439337 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tseng, C.-H., Funabashi, R., Kanno, K., Uchida, A., Wei, C.-C., & Hwang, S.-K. (2024) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.523502 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Compact quantum random number generator based on superluminescent light-emitting diodes
Wei, S., Yang, J., Fan, F., Huang, W., Li, D., & Xu, B. (2017) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.5005506 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Programmable quantum random number generator without postprocessing
Nguyen, L., Rehain, P., Sua, Y. M., & Huang, Y. (2018) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.43.000631 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Imperfection-insensitivity quantum random number generator with untrusted daily illumination
Lin, X. P., Wang, R., Wang, S., Yin, Z., Chen, W., He, D., Zhou, Z., Guo, G., & Han, Z. (2022) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.460907 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Metrology for industrial quantum communications: the MIQC project
Rastello, M. L., Degiovanni, I. P., Sinclair, A. G., Kück, S., Chunnilall, C. J., Porrovecchio, G., Smid, M., Manoocheri, F., Ikonen, E., Kübarsepp, T., et al. (2014) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/51/6/s267 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG): theoretical and experimental investigations
Haider, Z., Saeed, M. H., Zaheer, M., Alvi, Z. A., Ilyas, M., Nasreen, T., Imran, M., Islam, R., & Ikram, M. (2023) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-04421-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Imran, M., Sorianello, V., Fresi, F., Jalil, B., Romagnoli, M., & Potì, L. (2020) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126736 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gain-switched semiconductor laser driven soliton microcombs
Weng, W., Kaszubowska-Anandarajah, A. M., He, J., Lakshmijayasimha, P. D., Lucas, E., Liu, J., Anandarajah, P. M., & Kippenberg, T. J. (2021) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aldama, J., Sarmiento, S., Etcheverry, S., Valivarthi, R., Grande, I. H. L., Vidarte, L. T., & Pruneri, V. (2023) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.474665 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationChrysostomidis, T., Roumpos, I., Outerelo, D. Á., Costas, M. T., Moskalenko, V., García-Escartín, J. C., Díaz-Otero, F. J., & Vyrsokinos, K. (2023) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00162-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
True random bit generator based on optoelectronic oscillator with randomly distributed feedback
Wu, R., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Li, B., & Liu, H. (2024) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2024.111008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zheng, T., Jia, Y., Huang, J., Zhu, X., Shi, Y., Wang, N., Lu, Z., Zou, J., & Li, Y. (2024) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics11050468 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jofre, M., Curty, M., Steinlechner, F., Anzolin, G., Torres, J. P., Mitchell, M. W., & Pruneri, V.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Photonic Sciences (ES)
- Venue
- Optics Express
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2011-10-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 20665
- ISSN
- 1094-4087 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981007772
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Optics Express (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Random lasers and scattering media
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- quantum random number generation, vacuum fluctuations, optical amplification, quantum interference, shot-noise-limited detection, optical fiber communication
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
