Cited by 2,353Additive Manufacturing Materials and ProcessesAdditive Manufacturing and 3D Printing TechnologiesPowder Metallurgy Techniques and Materials

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Review of selective laser melting: Materials and applications

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Yap, C. Y., Chua, C. K., Dong, Z. L., Liu, Z. H., Zhang, D. Q., Loh, L. E., Sing, S. L.·2015·Applied Physics Reviews

DOI 10.1063/1.4935926

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Abstract

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a particular rapid prototyping, 3D printing, or Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique designed to use high power-density laser to melt and fuse metallic powders. A component is built by selectively melting and fusing powders within and between layers. The SLM technique is also commonly known as direct selective laser sintering, LaserCusing, and direct metal laser sintering, and this technique has been proven to produce near net-shape parts up to 99.9% relative density. This enables the process to build near full density functional parts and has viable economic benefits. Recent developments of fibre optics and high-power laser have also enabled SLM to process different metallic materials, such as copper, aluminium, and tungsten. Similarly, this has also opened up research opportunities in SLM of ceramic and composite materials. The review presents the SLM process and some of the common physical phenomena associated with this AM technology. It then focuses on the following areas: (a) applications of SLM materials and (b) mechanical properties of SLM parts achieved in research publications. The review is not meant to put a ceiling on the capabilities of the SLM process but to enable readers to have an overview on the material properties achieved by the SLM process so far. Trends in research of SLM are also elaborated in the last section.

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Scalable and transferable graph neural networks for predicting temperature evolution in laser powder bed fusion
Raut, R., Ball, A. K., & Basak, A. (2025) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110898 · Cited by 21
Effects of laser powder bed fusion parameters on the delta-ferrite to austenite phase transformation in duplex stainless steels
He, X.-Y., Rielli, V., Liu, Q., Li, X.-P., Luzin, V., Haghdadi, N., & Primig, S. (2025) · Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2025.104825 · Cited by 17
Polymer Scaffolds for peripheral nerve injury repair
Yang, S., Chen, L., Bai, C., Zhao, S., Wu, H., Dong, X., Wang, Y., Qian, Y., Du, B., & Chen, S. (2025) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101497 · Cited by 18
Application of 3D Printing Technology in Microreactor Fabrication
Zheng, J., Niu, Y.-F., Song, Z., Li, N., & Ju, S. (2024) · JOM · doi:10.1007/s11837-024-06961-0 · Cited by 17
Flame-front tracking in Porous Media Burners
Flores-Montoya, E., Masset, P., Schuller, T., & Selle, L. (2024) · Combustion and Flame · doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2024.113597 · Cited by 17
Research Viewpoint on Performance Enhancement for Very-High-Cycle Fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V Alloys via Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion
Gao, C., Zhang, Y., Jiang, J.-X., Fu, R., Du, L., & Pan, X. (2024) · Crystals · doi:10.3390/cryst14090749 · Cited by 17
“At applications of PBF, particularly to produce high-value products that are not technically feasible with traditional manufacturing processes [10,11,12,13,14].”
Parallel multi arc directed energy deposition: New way to achieve efficient manufacturing of large-size lattice sandwich structure
Xu, T.-Q., Jing, C.-C., Mao, H., Cui, Y., Xu, H.-W., Wang, J.-C., & Liu, C.-M. (2024) · Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2024.104322 · Cited by 17
Experimental Investigation on the 3D Printing of Nylon Reinforced by Carbon Fiber through Fused Filament Fabrication Process, Effects of Extruder Temperature, and Printing Speed
Moradi, M., Beiranvand, Z. M., Salimi, N., Meiabadi, S., & Lawrance, J. (2024) · International Journal of Polymer Science · doi:10.1155/2024/1234797 · Cited by 17
“So far, various types of additive manufacturing methods have been developed, such as selective laser sintering (SLS) [8], selective laser melting (SLM) [9 – 11], and FDM [12].”
Method
High entropy alloys amenable for laser powder bed fusion: a thermodynamics guided machine learning search
Duan, R., Xu, J.-T., Zhao, Y.-K., Zhou, Q.-J., Yan, Z.-Y., Xie, Y., Dong, P., Xu, L., Feng, K., Li, Z.-G., et al. (2024) · Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2024.104195 · Cited by 17
Temperature-based measurement interpretation of the MX3D Bridge
Glashier, T., Kromanis, R., & Buchanan, C. (2024) · Engineering Structures · doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116736 · Cited by 20
A numerical study of powder wetting influence on the morphology of laser powder bed fusion manufactured thin walls
Korneev, B., Zakirov, A., Bogdanova, M., Belousov, S., Perepelkina, A., Iskandarova, I., & Potapkin, B. (2023) · Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2023.103705 · Cited by 17
Ballistic performance of additive manufacturing 316l stainless steel projectiles based on topology optimization method
Xue, H., Wang, T., Cui, X.-Y., Wang, Y., & Huang, G. (2023) · Defence Technology · doi:10.1016/j.dt.2023.06.010 · Cited by 17
Particle-scale computational fluid dynamics study on surface morphology of GH4169 superalloy during multi-laser powder bed fusion with low energy density
Li, Q., Jiang, W.-G., Qin, Q.-H., Tu, Z., & Li, D. (2023) · Journal of Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.03.004 · Cited by 17
Effect of process parameters on the properties of β-Ti-Nb-based alloys fabricated by selective laser melting: A review
Subramanian, S., Mohanty, S., & Prashanth, K. (2023) · Materials Today: Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.461 · Cited by 17
Spall damage in laser-powder-bed-fusion manufactured Ti-6Al-4V: mechanisms and microstructure effects
Yang, K., Yang, X., Zhang, Z.-L., Zhu, T., Li, J., Xiao, X., Liang, Y., Jian, B., Li, C., & Luo, S.-N. (2023) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169379 · Cited by 17
Additively manufactured equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy: precipitation-induced heterogeneity by mechano-chemical coupling
Taheriniya, S., Choi, N., Yang, S.-S., Sonkusare, R., Yu, J.-H., Lee, J.-S., Rösner, H., Peterlechner, M., Boll, T., Gammer, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.168514 · Cited by 17
Optimization of Process Parameters for Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Using a Linear Programming Method: A Conceptual Framework
Khaimovich, A. I., Balyakin, A., Oleynik, M., Meshkov, A. A., & Smelov, V. (2022) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met12111976 · Cited by 17
“The main parameters that are commonly varied include layer thickness ( t ), scanning speed ( v ), laser power ( P ), and hatch spacing ( h ) [6].”
Background
Development of Micro Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Additive Manufacturing of Inconel 718
Khademzadeh, S., Gennari, C., Zanovello, A., Franceschi, M., Campagnolo, A., & Brunelli, K. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15155231 · Cited by 17
“A vast number of research activities have been carried out on LPBF of engineering metallic materials such as titanium and nickel alloys [10].”
Background
Laser powder bed fusion of the steels used in the plastic injection mould industry: a review of the influence of processing parameters on the final properties
Cunha, Â., Marques, A., Silva, M. R., Bartolomeu, F., Silva, F., Gasik, M., Trindade, B., & Carvalho, Ó. (2022) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09588-0 · Cited by 17
“Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is considered one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies in different fields of the industry, such as aerospace, automotive, and injection moulds [2, 3, 19, 20].”
Background
Nanoscale thermoplasmonic welding
Wang, L., Feng, Y., Li, Z., & Liu, G. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104422 · Cited by 19
“Selective sintering of powder materials by laser heating is one of the effective methods (Yap et al., 2015).”
Method
Modern thermal protection systems for solid rocket motors: a comparative review of composite manufacturing technologies
Meiirbekov, M., Sadykova, M., Kuandyk, A., Nurzhanov, M., Yesbolov, N., Baiserikov, B., & Kulbekov, A. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106550 · Cited by 16
Superhydrophobic 3D-printed microstructures: applications, challenges, and prospects
Amjad, M., Nguir, M., Ma, X., & Wen, D. (2025) · Progress in Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s40964-025-01155-9 · Cited by 16
“What distinguishes SLM from other methods is mainly its ability to manufacture near-net-shape metal objects with extremely high density that can reach 99.9% and thus its high product standards [69].”
Influential
A comprehensive review of twin-wire directed energy deposition-arc (TW-DED-arc) process: An in-situ alloying based additive manufacturing approach for intermetallics
Shen, C., Ma, Y., Pan, Z., Li, F., Zhang, Y.-L., Wang, L., Li, Y., Li, H.-J., & Hua, X.-M. (2025) · Journal of Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.03.007 · Cited by 16
Laser powder bed fusion: Defect type influences critical porosity re-growth during reheating after hot isostatic pressing
Schröder, J., Fritsch, T., Ferrari, B., Altmann, M. L., Bruno, G., & Toenjes, A. (2025) · Journal of Materials Processing Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.118839 · Cited by 16
Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ultrafine Grain Stainless Steel-Titanium Boride (SS-TiB2) Nanocomposites
Gain, A. K., Cui, Y., Zhang, L.-C., & Li, Z. (2024) · Materials Science & Engineering: A · doi:10.1016/j.msea.2024.146961 · Cited by 16
Effects of process parameters on microstructure properties of WE43 magnesium alloy by Selective Laser Melting
Shi, Y., Guo, K., Shi, H.-Q., Huang, X., Yang, B., & Sun, J. (2024) · Materials Today Communications · doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109151 · Cited by 16
Fretting Wear Behavior on LPBF Processed AlSi10Mg Alloy for different Heat Treatment Conditions
Nanjundaiah, R., Rao, S. S., Praveenkumar, K., Prabhu, T. R., Shettigar, A., Gc, M. P., & Linul, E. (2024) · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.04.147 · Cited by 16
Fatigue behavior of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel: experiments and modeling
Tian, X., Li, Q., Zhao, G., Qu, Z., & Ai, S.-G. (2024) · Engineering Fracture Mechanics · doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2024.109942 · Cited by 16
Predicting residual stresses in SLM additive manufacturing using a phase-field thermomechanical modeling framework
Ali, B., Heider, Y., & Markert, B. A. (2023) · Computational Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2023.112576 · Cited by 21
Orientation-dependent dynamic shearing properties and underlying failure mechanisms of laser powder bed fusion of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy
Dai, L., Liu, Y., Yang, S.-Z., Chen, H.-Y., Li, S., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Materials Science & Engineering: A · doi:10.1016/j.msea.2023.145918 · Cited by 16
Selective laser melting of oxide dispersion strengthened MA956 alloy and its surface finishing by magnetic field assisted finishing
Poudel, B., Nguyen, H., Kwon, P., & Chung, H.-S. (2023) · Journal of Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.04.078 · Cited by 16
Densification Behavior and Build Quality of Duplex Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Xiang, H., Chen, G.-L., Zhao, W., & Wu, C.-C. (2023) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met13040741 · Cited by 16
Microstructure and hardness of laser remelted surfaces of Al-5%Cu and Al-4%Cu-1%Ni alloys
Schon, A. F., de Gouveia, G. D., Sobral, B. S., Spinelli, J., Riva, R., Capella, A., & Silva, B. (2023) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170189 · Cited by 16
Friction and dry sliding wear of Al-Fe-Cr quasicrystals with multi-reinforcements by laser powder bed fusion
Zhang, Y., Kang, N., Mansori, M., Wang, Q., Lu, J., & Lin, X. (2023) · Wear · doi:10.1016/j.wear.2023.204682 · Cited by 16
Fabrication of a strong and ductile CuCrZr alloy using laser powder bed fusion
Zhou, W.-W., Kousaka, T., Moriya, S., Kimura, T., Nakamoto, T., & Nomura, N. (2023) · Additive Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.addlet.2023.100121 · Cited by 16
Micro-metal additive manufacturing – state-of-art and perspectives
Dornelas, P. H. G., Santos, T., & Oliveira, J. P. (2022) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-022-10110-9 · Cited by 16
“μ-PBF technologies can also be applied to print medium size components such as heat exchangers [79] and lightweight lattice structures for the automotive and aerospace industries [80], components which required unique design such as jewelry [81] and dental and medical implants [82], with higher resolution than traditi…”
Background
Macroscopic and Microstructural Features of Metal Thin-Wall Fabricated by Laser Material Deposition: A Review
Wang, X., Jiang, J.-K., Xia, C., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Coatings · doi:10.3390/coatings12081104 · Cited by 16
Precipitate-tailored planar slip delivers unprecedented ductility in high-strength β-titanium alloys
Liu, Z., Sun, K.-X., Su, H.-H., Miao, B., Wang, F., Yao, K., Ma, Y.-J., Wang, H., Zhang, Z.-B., Jin, S.-B., et al. (2025) · Acta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121744 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Research Progress on Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloy Composites in Practical Service Conditions
Gao, X., Zhu, Z., Zhang, H., Yang, J., Zhu, Z., & Tiwari, S. K. (2025) · Advanced Sustainable Systems · doi:10.1002/adsu.202500660 · Cited by 13
Corrosion behavior in novel lightweight steel produced by additive manufacturing using electrochemical methods and neutral salt spray test
Xie, T., Xiao, L., Wang, Y.-Y., Lin, Y., Dai, Y., & Wu, J. (2025) · Corrosion Science · doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2025.112996 · Cited by 15
A Review on Additive Manufactured Engineering Materials for Enhanced Road Safety and Transportation Applications
Alparslan, C., Yentimur, M. F., Kütük-Sert, T. K.-S., & Bayraktar, Ş. (2025) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym17070877 · Cited by 15
“Metal structures produced with methods such as laser metal deposition (LMD) and selective laser melting (SLM) in particular increase the effectiveness of road safety systems by meeting high-impact resistance and long-lasting performance requirements [162,163].”
In-situ visual monitoring for multi-scale defects detection in laser powder bed fusion
Zhang, Y.-J., Cheng, L., Jiang, Z., Ma, C., Zhang, A., Chen, Z.-D., Du, H.-H., Fang, C., & Wang, D. (2024) · Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2024.104576 · Cited by 15
Sustainability of additive manufacturing: a comprehensive review
Singh, G., Mehta, A., & Vasudev, H. (2024) · Progress in Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s40964-024-00579-z · Cited by 15
Additive manufacturing: New paradigm for developing water splitting systems
Mojabi, S., Afsahi, N., & Naseri, N. (2023) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.07.023 · Cited by 19
Technological and Tribological Characteristics Improvement of Additively Manufactured SS 316L Components Machined Under Sustainable Cooling Conditions
Danish, M., Rubaiee, S., Gupta, M. K., Yildirim, M., & Ahmed, A. (2023) · Tribology International · doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108329 · Cited by 15
Processing of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Nopová, K., Jaroš, J., Červinek, O., Pantělejev, L., Gneiger, S., Senck, S., & Koutný, D. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13031377 · Cited by 15
Multi-Objective Optimization of Selective Laser Melting Processes for Minimizing Energy Consumption and Maximizing Product Tensile Strength
Zhu, C., Chen, X., Wu, H., Zhu, J., Peng, T., Lv, J., & Wu, Y. (2022) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met12111782 · Cited by 17
Use of Laser Glazing to Evaluate an Al-Cr-Co-Mn-Zr Alloy Containing Icosahedral Quasicrystalline Dispersoids as a Candidate Material for Additive Manufacturing
Li, M.-X., Leonard, H. R., Rommel, S., Hung, C., Watson, T. J., Policandriotes, T., Hebert, R., & Aindow, M. (2022) · Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103114 · Cited by 15
Defect-Correlated Vickers Microhardness of Al-Si-Mg Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion with Post-process Heat Treatments
Cerri, E., Ghio, E., & Bolelli, G. (2022) · Journal of materials engineering and performance (Print) · doi:10.1007/s11665-022-06874-6 · Cited by 15
Additive manufacturing of diamond tools: a comprehensive review of technologies, materials, structures and challenges
Wu, J., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Yang, W., Zhang, S.-H., Li, Y., Wang, Y., & Xu, Z. (2026) · Diamond and related materials · doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2026.113654 · Cited by 14
Optimizing the corrosion resistance of selective laser melted 316L austenitic stainless steel by adjusting solid solution treatment parameters
Zhang, S.-H., Wang, L.-J., Liu, B.-S., Wei, Y.-H., Hou, L.-F., Wu, P.-P., Ren, X.-X., & Lu, H.-H. (2025) · Vacuum · doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2025.114631 · Cited by 14
Mechanism of ultrasonic rolling-induced inter-layer defects suppression and strength-toughness enhancement in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of aluminum-lithium alloy
Meng, X.-K., Jiang, Y.-L., Zhou, J.-Z., Lu, J.-Z., Chong, S., Tang, M.-M., Xue, W., Huang, S., & Liu, C. (2025) · Journal of Materials Processing Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.118911 · Cited by 14
Study on gradient structure and surface strengthening mechanism of LPBF 2099 Al-Li alloy induced by ultrasonic surface rolling
Huang, L., Gou, Y.-Q., Li, L., Zhou, J.-Z., Meng, X.-K., & Huang, S. (2025) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.179778 · Cited by 14
Microstructure evolution in laser powder bed fusion melted 2205 duplex stainless steel using in-situ EBSD during uniaxial tensile testing
Zhao, W., Xiang, H.-L., Zhan, X., Deng, T.-T., Zhang, X.-K., Lu, Y.-M., & Lu, Y.-J. (2024) · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.218 · Cited by 14
Selective laser melting of 2507 Duplex stainless steel: Effect of energy density on microstructure and corrosion resistance
Wang, A.-F., Yin, Y., Lu, C., Zheng, Q., He, H.-F., Lin, L., Shi, W., Zhang, R.-H., & Di, T. (2024) · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.09.078 · Cited by 14
Research Progress on Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Zinc Alloys
Meng, F., & Du, Y. (2024) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma17174309 · Cited by 14
“Figure 3 [58] illustrates the concept of the SLM powder formed by water atomization when preparing pure Zn by LPBF.”
BackgroundMethod
Additive manufacturing of refractory multi-principal element alloy with ultrahigh-temperature strength via simultaneous enhancements in printability and solid solution hardening
Duan, R., Zhao, Y.-K., Xu, J.-T., Zhou, Q.-J., Yan, Z.-Y., Xie, Y., Dong, P., Feng, K., Li, Z.-G., Xu, B.-B., et al. (2024) · Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2024.104340 · Cited by 14
Nanoparticle-reinforced SiOC ceramic matrix composite films with structure gradient fabricated by inkjet printing and laser sintering
Chen, X.-Y., Qiu, L., Zhang, M.-S., Huang, J., & Tao, Z. (2024) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-024-00533-0 · Cited by 14
“The resultscanbeinferredthattheWNPsservedastheabsorberoflaser 24 .”
Enhancing the Robustness of Hybrid Metal-Composite Connections Through 3D Printed Micro Penetrative Anchors
Raimondi, L., Tomesani, L., & Zucchelli, A. (2024) · Applied Composite Materials · doi:10.1007/s10443-024-10224-1 · Cited by 14
“In the current state of the art, LPBF has emerged as the most versatile solu - tion for manufacturing thin, high-performance metallic pin structures directly on existing metal substrates of various materials [18, 19 ].”
Enhancing biocompatible metal alloy fabrication for bio implants through laser-based additive manufacturing (LBAM)
Ahmad, M., Javaid, M., & Haleem, A. (2024) · Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.bioana.2024.02.001 · Cited by 20
Transpiration cooling of a porous Nb-based alloy in high heat flux conditions
Mullin, K. M., Martin, J. H., Roper, C., Levi, C. G., & Pollock, T. (2024) · International journal of thermal sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2023.108758 · Cited by 14
Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser butt welds of selective laser melted Ta10W alloy plates with different forming directions
Du, X., Wu, Q., Zhang, T., Zou, J.-L., Xiao, R., Zhou, H.-P., Han, D., & Jiao, T.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.126 · Cited by 14
Effect of layer-by-layer laser remelting process on the microstructure and performance of selective laser melting 316L stainless steel
Chen, X., Wen, K., Mu, W.-H., Zhang, Y., Huang, S., & Liu, W. (2023) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-023-12078-6 · Cited by 14
“SLM technology utilizes a high-energy laser to melt and fuse powders layer by layer according to CAD (computer-aided design) data of geometry [6, 7].”
Method
Predictability assessment of as-built hardness of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion
Maitra, V., & Shi, J. (2023) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.08.113 · Cited by 14
A minireview on 3D printing for electrochemical water splitting electrodes and cells
Xun, Y., Zhang, K., Jonhson, W., & Ding, J. (2023) · APL Materials · doi:10.1063/5.0138178 · Cited by 18
Influence of Several Heat Treatments on Residual Stress in Laser Powder Bed-Fused Maraging 18Ni-300 Steel
Yu, J.-H., Jin, Q., Ha, K., & Lee, W. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13116572 · Cited by 14
X-ray computed μ-tomography analysis to evaluate the crack growth in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples stressed with in-phase axial and torsional loading
Renzo, D. A., Crocco, M. C., Maletta, C., Pagnotta, L., Sgambitterra, E., Berto, F., Furgiuele, F., Filosa, R., Beltrano, J. J., Barberi, R., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Fatigue · doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107727 · Cited by 14
The Characteristic Microstructures and Properties of Steel-Based Alloy via Additive Manufacturing
Shang, C.-L., Wu, H.-H., Pan, G., Zhu, J., Wang, S.-Z., Wu, G.-L., Gao, J.-H., Liu, Z.-Y., Li, R., & Mao, X.-P. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16072696 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Effect of α-Al and Si Precipitates on Microstructural Evaluation and Corrosion Behavior of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Printed AlSi10Mg Plates in Seawater Environment
Murugesan, P., Satheeshkumar, V., Jeyaprakash, N., Yang, C.-H., & Karuppasamy, S. (2023) · Metals and Materials International · doi:10.1007/s12540-023-01394-x · Cited by 14
Optimisation of Selective Laser Melted Ti6Al4V Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Accounting for Structural Safety
Zhu, L., Wang, X.-Y., Sun, L., Hu, Q., & Li, N. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15249072 · Cited by 14
“Material and processing parameters of SLM. SLM Processing Parameters Values Material Ti6Al4V Powder grade Gd5 Spherical particle size (µm) 15–53 Laser power (W) 320 Laser scanning speed (mm/s) 1200 Hatch spacing (mm) 0.14 Layer thickness (mm) 0.04 The reason for designing the maximum relative density of the lattice me…”
MethodInfluential
Microstructure simulation and experimental evaluation of the anisotropy of 316 L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
Barrionuevo, G. O., Ramos-Grez, J., Walczak, M., Sánchez-Sánchez, X., Guerra, C., Debut, A., & Haro, E. E. (2022) · Rapid prototyping journal · doi:10.1108/rpj-04-2022-0127 · Cited by 14
Selective laser melting and post-processing stages for enhancing the material behavior of cobalt-chromium alloy in total hip replacement: a review
C, U., & P., S. (2022) · Materials and Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1080/10426914.2022.2105879 · Cited by 14
Decomposition of cellular structure in selective laser melted Cu–Zn–Si silicon brass and its influence on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties
Liu, L.-H., Ma, H.-W., Yang, S.-J., Zhao, Y.-J., Cai, W., Chen, T., Zhang, W.-W., & Yang, C. (2022) · Materials Science & Engineering: A · doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.143055 · Cited by 14
WAAM 2015–2025: A review of technological advancements, material applications, and emerging directions
Kumar, P., Sharma, S., Singh, R. K. R., Kumar, M., & Singh, M. (2025) · International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (ijidem) · doi:10.1007/s12008-025-02440-1 · Cited by 13
“The main drawbacks of these techniques are fine metal powder requirement, anisot - ropy in structure, fabricating components with less than 100% density, slower build speeds, poor surface finish, and high equipment cost [13, 14] that limits their application to small-sized products.”
High-temperature anisotropic tensile deformation of L-PBF manufactured GH4169 alloys: In situ SEM-EBSD and X-ray tomography
Xiao, Y., Ao, N., Majia, Y., Dong, C.-L., Hong, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., & Wu, S.-C. (2025) · Materials Science & Engineering: A · doi:10.1016/j.msea.2025.149140 · Cited by 13
Low-cycle fatigue of laser powder bed fusion-processed AlSi10Mg using recycled powder: Experiments and machine learning-assisted lifetime prediction
Bartošák, M., Jambor, M., Halamka, J., Pelikán, L., Stránský, O., Galčíková, E., Slaný, M., Horváth, J., Petrášek, Š., & Šulák, I. (2025) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113926 · Cited by 13
Exploring new formulated polymer composite coatings by glass for corrosion protection of additively manufactured 316 L stainless steel alloy in acidic environment: electrochemical measurements characterization and computational approaches
Magri, A. E., Hsissou, R., Ech-chihbi, E., Salim, R., Khaled, K. F., & Hammouti, B. (2025) · Progress in Additive Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s40964-025-01024-5 · Cited by 13
“This unique characteristic implies a significantly reduced requirement for preparation steps, giving the SLM process inherent advantages in terms of global manufacturing efficiency, especially for complex components [4].”
In-situ quality inspection based on coaxial melt pool images for laser powder bed fusion with depth graph network guided by prior knowledge
Zhang, Y.-J., Du, H.-H., Zhao, K., Gao, J.-L., Peng, X.-J., Cheng, L., Fang, C., & Chen, G. (2025) · Mechanical systems and signal processing · doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2024.111993 · Cited by 13
A review on the impact of volumetric energy density on morphological and mechanical behavior in laser powder bed fusion steel alloys
Venkatachalam, E., & Sundararajan, D. (2024) · Welding in the World · doi:10.1007/s40194-024-01861-y · Cited by 13
“…the various field applications of SS. LPBF has successfully developed a wide range of products, including those made of titanium-based alloys [41, 42], aluminum-based alloys [43, 44], steels-based alloys [45, 46], Ni-based alloys [47, 48], cobalt-based alloys [49, 50], magnesium alloys [51, 52],…”
Graphene Microflower by Photothermal Marangoni-Induced Fluid Instability for Omnidirectional Broadband Photothermal Conversion.
Tian, K., Fan, X.-P., Cheng, S., Zhu, Q., Zheng, S., Sun, Q., Zhao, L.-W., Li, Y., Zhang, M., Xu, H., et al. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c09360 · Cited by 13
Unveiling Processing-Property Relationships in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: The Synergy of Machine Learning and High-throughput Experiments
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“Among the various AM processes, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has emerged as a leading method for the production of metallic components with exceptional mechanical properties and design ﬂexibility [3,5–7].”
Microstructure and corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel lattice and bulk parts manufactured by LPBF using fiber and CO2 lasers
García-Rodríguez, S., Bedmar, J., Abu-warda, N., Torres, B., & Rams, J. (2024) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113214 · Cited by 13
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“Laser-based technologies, like SLM (selective laser melting), are used for handling metallic powders [24–26].”
Method
Dynamic Spall Properties of an Additively Manufactured, High-Entropy Alloy (CoCrFeMnNi)
Euser, V. K., Mangan, A. S., Jones, D. R., Martinez, D., Steckley, T. E., Agrawal, A. K., Thoma, D., & Fensin, S. (2023) · Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.mtla.2023.101998 · Cited by 13
Discretized and Experimental Investigation of Thermo-Hydraulic Behavior in a Compact Heat Exchanger Manufactured via SLM Process
da Silva, R. P., Mortean, M. V. V., dos Santos, F. D., Zilio, G., de Paiva, K. D., & Oliveira, J. (2023) · Thermal Science and Engineering Progress · doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2023.102184 · Cited by 13

Authors: Yap, C. Y., Chua, C. K., Dong, Z. L., Liu, Z. H., Zhang, D. Q., Loh, L. E., & Sing, S. L.
Affiliations: Nanyang Technological University (SG)
ORCID: Yap, C. Y.
Chua, C. K.
Dong, Z. L.
Liu, Z. H.
Zhang, D. Q.
Sing, S. L.
Venue: Applied Physics Reviews
Publisher: AIP Publishing
Published: 2015-12-01
Volume: 2
Issue: 4
ISSN: 1931-9401 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1063/1.4935926
OpenAlex: W2192772080
Cited by: 2,353
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 170 · 2025: 269 · 2024: 262 · 2023: 296 · 2022: 341 · 2021: 325 · 2020: 262 · 2019: 190 · 2018: 130 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 31
FWCI: 77.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Applied Physics Reviews (publishedVersion)
DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Nanyang Technological University
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Powder Metallurgy Techniques and Materials
Keywords: laser powder bed fusion, additive manufacturing, direct metal laser sintering, near-net-shape parts, relative density, copper, aluminum, tungsten, fiber optics, high-power lasers

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