Viscosity of liquid water in the range −8 °C to 150 °C
Abstract
The paper re-analyzes the results of earlier, very precise measurements of the viscosity of water at essentially atmospheric pressure. This is done in terms of a new, theoretically-based equation for the operation of a capillary viscometer rather than in terms of semi-empirical equations used by the original authors. The new analysis eliminates possible systematic errors and permits the establishment of realistic error bounds for water in its role as a standard reference substance for viscosity. The latter are smaller than those embodied in the most recent International Formulation. Standard values of the ratio of viscosity at a temperature T to its value at 20 °C have been derived from the re-analyzed data because the uncertainty of this ratio is an order of magnitude smaller than that of the absolute values. The ratios are used to generate absolute values with the aid of the standard NBS datum μ=1002.0 μPa s at 20 °C. The viscosity ratios have been correlated with the aid of two empirical equations. The more accurate equation covers the range 0 °C?t ?40 °C with an uncertainty of ±0.05%. The less accurate equation covers the wider range −8 °C?t?150 °C with the more limited accuracy of ±0.2%. The two empirical equations are compatible with each other to 0.09%.
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Pb operating at a constant pressure and temperatures of 60-80 °C yielded significant increases in both current density and formate selectivity.
“Moreover, Pb operating at a constant pressure and temperatures of 60 -80 °C yielded significant increases in both current density and formate selectivity.[225,249]”
From Electrochemical CO <sub>2</sub> Reduction into Chemical Feedstocks: From Mechanistic Electrocatalysis Models to System Design (2019) · cites this paper as [249]
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Method
- Authors
- Kestin, J., Sokolov, M., & Wakeham, W. A.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- ORCID
- Wakeham, William A.
- Venue
- Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 1978-07-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 941-948
- ISSN
- 0047-2689 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-7845
- OpenAlex
- W2123158014
- Cited by
- 976
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Thermodynamic properties of mixtures
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids
- Keywords
- liquid water, viscosity, capillary viscometer, viscosity ratio, reference materials, empirical viscosity correlations, temperature-dependent viscosity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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