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Cited by 10Particle accelerators and beam dynamicsLow-Pressure Plasma Processing and DiagnosticsFusion materials and technologies

Tutorial: Modeling of the extraction and acceleration of negative ions from plasma sources using particle-based methods

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Garrigues, L., Fubiani, G.·2023·Journal of Applied Physics
DOI 10.1063/5.0128759
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Abstract

In this Tutorial, we consider plasma sources with applications to fusion devices and high energy accelerators. These ion sources typically produce negative ions from hydrogen-isotope gases, which are extracted through one or multiple apertures and accelerated to high kinetic energies. Next, they are either double stripped of two electrons to form positive ions used as precursors in accelerator devices or neutralized to produce a neutral beam injected in tokamak reactors. Contrary to the working conditions of most ion sources where volume production prevails, the mechanism of negative ion production by dissociative electron attachment on vibrationally excited molecules inside the plasma volume of fusion-type hydrogen-fueled high power discharges is mostly balanced by their destruction by detachment before being extracted rendering this means of producing negative ions rather inefficient. Surface production through the transfer of electrons from low work function metallic materials to the impacting atoms is the alternative solution to fulfill the requirements for the applications concerned. Negative ions are produced close to the aperture from which they are extracted. As a result, the analysis and understanding of the extraction mechanisms through experimental diagnostics is rather difficult due to the lack of accessibility and can only give a partial view. In addition, most of the experimental work is focused on the validation of requirements for the applications and not to the investigation of the fundamental processes that take place inside these types of sources. This Tutorial is focused on the description and understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the extraction and acceleration of negative ions from hydrogen plasma sources through modeling methods. We describe the numerical techniques of particle-based methods with a specific emphasis on particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision algorithms. An analysis of the physical processes involved in driving the negative ions from the plasma source, across the apertures and inside the accelerator as reported in the literature, is presented in detail. This Tutorial concludes with additional and future works to be addressed in the coming years.

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  • The LANDMARK project benchmarks, reproduced by seven research groups, allowed comparative evaluation of PIC algorithms and showed capability to capture time evolution of MTSI and ECDI with minimal difference.

    “These benchmarks, reproduced by seven research groups worldwide, also allowed a comparative evaluation to examine the efficiency of the implementation of PIC algorithms (type of parallelization, Poisson's solvers, explicit vs implicit algorithms, CPU compared to GPU architectures, etc. 84,99 ). Fig. 4 illustrates a comparison of the twodimensional radial-azimuthal simulation results implemented by”

    From Plasma propulsion modeling with particle-based algorithms (2023) · cites this paper as [99]

    Section III (Modeling Principles; page unavailable) discusses PIC parallelization and Poisson solvers, but not a LANDMARK benchmark or a comparison by seven research groups. Searches for LANDMARK, seven groups, MTSI, and ECDI found no passage reporting the claimed agreement in the instabilities’ time evolution. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Sorted by citations

Authors
Garrigues, L., & Fubiani, G.
Affiliations
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Applied Physics
Publisher
AIP Publishing
Published
2023-01-24
Volume
133
Issue
4
Pages
041102
ISSN
  • 0021-8979 (ISSN-L)
  • 1089-7550
DOI
10.1063/5.0128759
OpenAlex
W4317933492
Cited by
10
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2
FWCI
1.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Applied Physics (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Euratom Research and Training Programme (633053)
  • Federation de recherche sur la fusion magnétique
  • Centre de Calcul Calmip (2013-P1125)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle accelerators and beam dynamics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Low-Pressure Plasma Processing and Diagnostics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Fusion materials and technologies
Keywords
negative ion source, negative ion extraction, hydrogen plasma, electron emission from surfaces, particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision, particle simulation, neutral beam injection, fusion plasma, high-energy accelerators

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