Elevated blood pressure and decreased cognitive function among school-age children and adolescents in the United States
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the relationship between elevated blood pressure (BP) and cognitive test performance in a nationally representative sample of children. Study design The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III provides cross-sectional data for children 6 to 16 years, including BP and cognitive test scores. Elevated BP was defined as systolic or diastolic BP >or=90th percentile. Cognitive tests were compared for children with elevated and normal BP. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relation between elevated BP and decreased test scores. Results Among the 5077 children, 3.4% had systolic BP >or=90th percentile and 1.6% diastolic BP >or=90th percentile. Children with elevated systolic BP had lower average scores compared with normotensive children for digit span (7.9 vs 8.7, P=.01), block design (8.6 vs 9.5, P=.03), and mathematics (89.6 vs 93.8, P=.01). Elevated diastolic BP was associated with lower average scores on block design (9.5 vs 11, P=.01). Linear regression showed that elevated systolic BP was independently associated with lower digit span scores (P=.032). Conclusion Children with elevation of systolic BP are at risk for central nervous system end-organ damage, as manifested by decreased digit span test scores.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Low academic achievement is strongly associated with risk-taking behavior, compromised health status, and reduced longevity.
“Conversely, low academic achievement is strongly associated with risk-taking behavior, compromised health status, and reduced longevity.22–33”
From School-Based Health Centers to Advance Health Equity (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Cites
Berenson, G. S., Srinivasan, S. R., Bao, W., Newman, W. P., Tracy, R. E., & Wattigney, W. A. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199806043382302 · Cited by 4,032 · see citing works
Impact of High-Normal Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Vasan, R. S., Larson, M. G., Leip, E. P., Evans, J. C., O’Donnell, C. J., Kannel, W. B., & Levy, D. A. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa003417 · Cited by 2,079 · see citing works
Allhoff, P., Laaser, U., & Heinrich, J. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95642-3_7 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
SUDAAN User's Manual, Release 7.5,
Bieler, G. S., Barnwell, B., & Shah, B. V. (1997) · Cited by 1,285 · see citing works
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents (1996) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.98.4.649 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Sorof, J. M., Alexandrov, A. V., Cardwell, G., & Portman, R. J. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.61 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Neuropsychological correlates of hypertension: Review and methodologic considerations.
Waldstein, S. R., Manuck, S. B., Ryan, C. M., & Muldoon, M. F. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.451 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
White coat hypertension in children with elevated casual blood pressure
Sorof, J. M., & Portman, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.108394 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Belsha, C. W. (1998) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00014-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Behavioral consequences of mild hypertension.
Shapiro, A. P., Miller, R. E., King, H. E., Ginchereau, E. H., & Fitzgibbon, K. (1982) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.4.3.355 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Effect of antihypertensive treatment on the behavioral consequences of elevated blood pressure.
Miller, R. E., Shapiro, A. P., King, H. E., Ginchereau, E. H., & Hosutt, J. A. (1984) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.6.2.202 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Clinical significance of cognitive performance by hypertensive patients.
Elias, M. F., Robbins, M. A., Schultz, N. R., Streeten, D. H. P., & Elias, P. K. (1987) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.9.2.192 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ambulatory blood pressure pediatric patient
Sorof, J. M., & Portman, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2000.106230 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Neuropsychological deficits in arterial hypertension
Mazzucchi, A., Mutti, A., Poletti, A., Ravanetti, C., Novarini, A., & Parma, M. (1986) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1986.tb04609.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Medical Neuropsychology: The Impact of Disease on Behavior
Brandt, J. (1990) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199005000-00013 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Systolic hypertension in children: benign or beware?
Sorof, J. M. (2001) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s004670100586 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
What’s new in pediatric hypertension?
Flynn, J. T. (2001) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-001-0013-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pediatric hypertension: recent literature
Nehal, U. S., & Ingelfinger, J. R. (2002) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-200204000-00008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and hypertensive target-organ damage in children
Belsha, C. W. (1999) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00126097-199900430-00010 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Medical neuropsychology: The impact of disease on behavior
Reynolds, C. R., & Hartman, D. E. (1988) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/3.3.299 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Distribution of target-organ abnormalities by race and sex in children with essential hypertension.
Daniels, S. R., Meyer, R., Strife, C. F., Lipman, M., & Loggie, J. M. H. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and hypertensive target-organ damage in children
Belsha, C. W. (1999) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00126097-199903000-00010 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Iadecola, C., Yaffe, K., Biller, J., Bratzke, L. C., Faraci, F. M., Gorelick, P. B., Gulati, M., Kamel, H., Knopman, D. S., Launer, L. J., et al. (2016) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000053 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Update: Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children and Adolescents
Flynn, J. T., Daniels, S. R., Hayman, L. L., Maahs, D. M., McCrindle, B. W., Mitsnefes, M. M., Zachariah, J. P. V., & Urbina, E. M. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000007 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
“Furthermore, hypertension may also have neurovascular consequences, because untreated hypertensive children had lower cerebral artery reactivity than normotensive control subjects,(35) which may explain the lower scores on cognitive tests found in children with elevated BP.(36) ABPM may be superior to casual (office)…”
BackgroundInfluentialImpact of Metabolic Syndrome on Cognition and Brain: A Selected Review of the Literature
Yates, K. F., Sweat, V., Yau, P. L., Turchiano, M. M., & Convit, A. (2012) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.112.252759 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Design and Methods of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Prospective Cohort Study
Furth, S. L., Cole, S. R., Moxey‐Mims, M., Kaskel, F. J., MAK, R. H. K., Schwartz, G. J., Wong, C. S., Tilde]oz, A. M., & Warady, B. A. (2006) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.01941205 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
“The effects of CKD on neurodevelopment and cognitive function of children remain largely unknown, but age of CKD onset (42,43), duration of kidney failure (44,45), hypertension (46), anemia (47–50), and depression (51–53) have been associated with impairments in cognition and neurodevelopment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDefining the relationship between hypertension, cognitive decline, and dementia: a review
Walker, K. A., Power, M. C., & Gottesman, R. F. (2017) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-017-0724-3 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Li, Y., Dai, Q., Jackson, J. C., & Zhang, J. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.296 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history
Falkner, B. E. (2009) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1200-3 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“There is even emerging evidence that cognitive function is adversely affected by elevated blood pressure in childhood [ 41 , 42].”
BackgroundSchool-Based Health Centers to Advance Health Equity
Knopf, J. A., Finnie, R. K. C., Peng, Y., Hahn, R. A., Truman, B. I., Vernon-Smiley, M., Johnson, V. C., Johnson, R. L., Fielding, J. E., Muntaner, C., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.01.009 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Functioning of Children and Adolescents with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease
Hooper, S. R., Gerson, A. C., Butler, R. W., Gipson, D. S., Mendley, S. R., Lande, M. B., Shinnar, S., Wentz, A., Matheson, M. B., Cox, C., et al. (2011) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.09751110 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence of executive dysfunction in extremely obese adolescents: a pilot study
Lokken, K., Boeka, A. G., Austin, H. M., Gunstad, J., & Harmon, C. M. (2009) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2009.05.008 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Martin, A., Saunders, D. H., Shenkin, S. D., & Sproule, J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009728.pub2 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Gerson, A. C., Butler, R. N., Moxey‐Mims, M., Wentz, A., Shinnar, S., Lande, M. B., Mendley, S. R., Warady, B. A., Furth, S. L., & Hooper, S. R. (2006) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20116 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationHypertension in children: new trends and challenges
Feber, J., & Ahmed, M. (2010) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20090544 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Hypertension and Cognitive Functioning
Elias, M. F., Goodell, A. L., & Dore, G. A. (2012) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.186429 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Ickovics, J. R., Carroll‐Scott, A., Peters, S. M., Schwartz, M., Gilstad‐Hayden, K., & McCaslin, C. (2014) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12117 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“(9) Less fast-food consumption: includes students who answered 0 or 1 day to the HBSC survey question: In the past 7 days, how many days did you eat at a fast-food restaurant?32 Because no standard guidelines specific to fast-food consumption exist, students were categorized according to the median split for our sampl…”
BackgroundMemory and Executive Functions in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease
Gipson, D. S., Hooper, S. R., Duquette, P. J., Wetherington, C. E., Stellwagen, K. K., Jenkins, T. L., & Ferris, M. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040600876311 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Is Alzheimer's disease related to metabolic syndrome? A Wnt signaling conundrum
Ríos, J. A., Cisternas, P., Arrese, M. A., Salesa Barja, Y., & Inestrosa, N. C. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.07.004 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Waldstein, S. R., Brown, J., Maier, K. J., & Katzel, L. I. (2005) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2903_3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Lande, M. B., Adams, H., Falkner, B. E., Waldstein, S. R., Schwartz, G. J., Szilagyi, P. G., Wang, H., & Palumbo, D. R. (2008) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.08.017 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical predictors of neurocognitive deficits in children with chronic kidney disease
Slickers, J. E., Duquette, P. J., Hooper, S. R., & Gipson, D. S. (2006) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-006-0374-1 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
High Blood Pressure in Children: Clinical and Health Policy Implications
Falkner, B. E., Lurbe, E., & Schaefer, F. S. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00245.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Function in Children with Primary Hypertension
Lande, M. B., Batisky, D. L., Kupferman, J. C., Samuels, J., Hooper, S. R., Falkner, B. E., Waldstein, S. R., Szilagyi, P. G., Wang, H., Staskiewicz, J., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.076 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“(11) These preliminary studies in children, however, have been limited mostly to database and single-center studies.(12-14) Further study of neurocognition in children with hypertension is needed to determine both the short-term impact of childhood hypertension on the child’s brain as well as long-term effects, into a…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnyaegbu, E. I., & Dharnidharka, V. R. (2013) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2013.09.011 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“A correlation between hypertension and lower neurocognitive test scores was seen in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).(121) This association was further highlighted in a study conducted by Lande and colleagues(122) of 32 newly diagnosed hypertensive children and adolescents aged b…”
BackgroundCasual Blood Pressure and Neurocognitive Function in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Lande, M. B., Gerson, A. C., Hooper, S. R., Cox, C., Matheson, M. B., Mendley, S. R., Gipson, D. S., Wong, C. J., Warady, B. A., Furth, S. L., et al. (2011) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.00810111 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“performance on neurocognitive testing (9).”
ResultSelf-citationNeurocognitive Dysfunction in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With CKD
Ruebner, R. L., Laney, N. C., Kim, J. Y., Hartung, E. A., Hooper, S. R., Radcliffe, J., & Furth, S. L. (2015) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.08.025 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Body mass index in primary and secondary pediatric hypertension
Robinson, R. F., Batisky, D. L., Hayes, J. R., Nahata, M. C., & Mahan, J. D. (2004) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-004-1588-8 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Hypertension remains a major risk factor for the development of serious disease including stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, and nephropathy as well as decreased cognitive function [1, 2].”
BackgroundLearning and Attention Problems Among Children With Pediatric Primary Hypertension
Adams, H., Szilagyi, P. G., Gebhardt, L., & Lande, M. B. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1899 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of neighbourhood greenspace in children’s spatial working memory
Flouri, E., Papachristou, E., & Midouhas, E. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12243 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hypertension Impairs Vascular Reactivity in the Pediatric Brain
Wong, L. J., Kupferman, J. C., Prohovnik, I., Kirkham, F. J., Goodman, S., Paterno, K., Sharma, M., Brosgol, Y., & Pavlakis, S. G. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.607606 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Childhood hypertension is not a silent disease
Croix, B., & Feig, D. I. (2006) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-006-0013-x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Several studies have shown that end organ damage is frequently present in hypertensive children and young adults [8], including increased atherosclerosis [9, 10] and carotid intimal thickness [11, 12], left ventricular hypertrophy [13], proteinuria [14] and mildly impaired cognitive function [15].”
Greenbaum, L. A., Warady, B. A., & Furth, S. L. (2009) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.017 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Cardiovascular changes during chronic hypertensive states
Drozdz, D., & Kawecka-Jaszcz, K. (2014) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-013-2614-5 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“In children, an association has been reported between elevated SBP and reduced scores on the digit span test, which is a neuropsychological measure of attention and concentration [55].”
BackgroundPrimary Hypertension in Childhood
Bucher, B. S., Ferrarini, A., Weber, N., Bullo, M., Bianchetti, M. G., & Simonetti, G. D. (2013) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0378-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pediatric Hypertension: Recent Trends and Accomplishments, Future Challenges
Flynn, J. T. (2008) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.159 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Prehypertension in Adolescents: Risk and Progression
Redwine, K. M., & Daniels, S. R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00663.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“function has been reported in children with elevated BP, although differences between hypertensive and prehypertensive children have not been independently evaluated.(32)”
BackgroundThe Frequency of Elevated Blood Pressure in Obese Minority Youth
Puri, M., Flynn, J. T., Garcia, M., Nussbaum, H., Freeman, K. D., & DiMartino-Nardi, J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.07285.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The effects of hypertension on the paediatric brain: a justifiable concern
Sharma, M. S., Kupferman, J. C., Brosgol, Y., Paterno, K., Goodman, S., Prohovnik, I., Kirkham, F. J., & Pavlakis, S. G. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70167-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Recent Clinical and Translational Advances in Pediatric Hypertension
Falkner, B. E. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03586 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of valsartan compared to enalapril in hypertensive children
Schaefer, F. S., Litwin, M., Zachwieja, J., Zurowska, A. M., Túri, S., Grosso, A., Pezous, N., & Kadwa, M. (2011) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834c625c · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hypertension in the young: epidemiology, sequelae and therapy
Flynn, J. T. (2008) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn597 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“An additional target-organ effect of elevated BP recently demonstrated in the young is impaired cognitive function [38].”
BackgroundBlood Pressure and Cognitive Function in Children and Adolescents
Lande, M. B., & Kupferman, J. C. (2019) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11686 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“III (NHANES III), a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized US children and adults.(14) After adjusting for”
BackgroundSelf-citationStroke and Hypertension in Children and Adolescents
Kupferman, J. C., Zafeiriou, D., Lande, M. B., Kirkham, F. J., & Pavlakis, S. G. (2016) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073816685240 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Elevated systolic blood pressure was independently associated with lower Digit Span scores, a measure of working memory and attention.(124) In a subsequent prospective, small, single-center pilot study, investigators showed that children with sustained hypertension had worse executive function compared with normotensi…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRisk Factors, Lifestyle Behaviors, and Vascular Brain Health
Gottesman, R. F., & Seshadri, S. S. (2022) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.032610 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Alterations in Hypertensive Children and Adolescents
Lande, M. B., Kupferman, J. C., & Adams, H. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00661.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the decrease in Digit Span scores was more pronounced for children with SBP 95th percentile, suggesting a dose effect of BP on test scores.(17) Lande and colleagues subsequently reported a prospective, single-center study comparing 32 children”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAnalysis of 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Kang, K., Chiu, S., Weng, W., Lee, P., & Hsu, W. (2015) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000001568 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hypertension in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: management challenges
Gallibois, C., Jawa, N. A., & Noone, D. G. (2017) · International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease · doi:10.2147/ijnrd.s100891 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Interestingly, pediatric patients with HTN were also found to have decreased performance in a variety of cognitive tests relative to their normotensive counterparts.(91,92)”
BackgroundThe nervous system and chronic kidney disease in children
Gipson, D. S., Wetherington, C. E., Duquette, P. J., & Hooper, S. R. (2004) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-004-1532-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“[36] analyzed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) data comparing 217 children with systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to the 90th percentile for age and gender with 4,860 normotensive children.”
MethodPrimary hypertension and neurocognitive and executive functioning in school-age children
Kupferman, J. C., Lande, M. B., Adams, H., & Pavlakis, S. G. (2012) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-012-2215-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“[3] Cross-sectional post hoc analysis of database 6–16 years 5,077 participants in NHANES III, 217 with systolic BP >90th percentile, 85 with diastolic BP >90th percentile SBP >90th percentile associated with decreased performance in attention and working memory tests Block design and digit span subtests of the Wechsl…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationLamballais, S., Sajjad, A., Leening, M. J. G., Gaillard, R., Franco, O. H., Mattace-Raso, F. U. S., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Roza, S. J., Tiemeier, H. W., & Ikram, M. A. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.009847 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Macumber, I. R. (2017) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-017-0791-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Vascular Ageing in Youth: A Call to Action
Climie, R. E., Park, C. M., Avolio, A. P., Mynard, J. P., Kruger, R., & Bruno, R. M. (2021) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.516 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Target Organ Abnormalities in Pediatric Hypertension
Urbina, E. M., Lande, M. B., Hooper, S. R., & Daniels, S. R. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic Syndrome: Is It Time to Add the Central Nervous System?
Rojas, M., Chávez-Castillo, M., Pírela, D., Parra, H., Nava, M., Chacín, M., Angarita, L., Áñez, R., Salazar, J. J., Ortíz, R., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072254 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Executive Function and Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Pediatric Hypertension
Ostrovskaya, M. A., Rojas, M., Kupferman, J. C., Lande, M. B., Paterno, K., Brosgol, Y., & Pavlakis, S. G. (2013) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073813494264 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Lande et al showed that untreated patients with hypertension had higher Behavior Regulation Index, Metacognition Index and Global Executive Composite T-scores compared with control subjects with normal blood pressure.(6) In a subsequent analysis, Table 1.”
ResultSelf-citationResearch Gaps in Primary Pediatric Hypertension
Taylor‐Zapata, P., Baker-Smith, C. M., Burckart, G. J., Daniels, S. R., Flynn, J. T., Giacoia, G. P., Green, D. J., Kelly, A. S., Khurana, M., Li, J. S., et al. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3517 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gender differences in the relation of hypertension to cognitive function in older adults
Waldstein, S. R., & Katzel, L. I. (2004) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1179/016164104225016173 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Effects of Hypertension on Cognitive Function in Children and Adolescents
Stephen, D., Patel, H. P., Hains, D. S., & Mahan, J. D. (2012) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2012/891094 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Safety, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics of Telmisartan in Pediatric Patients With Hypertension
Wells, T. G., Portman, R. J., Norman, P., Haertter, S., Davidai, G., & Wang, F. (2010) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922810363609 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Evidence of target-organ damage associated with hypertension in adults, such as left-ventricular hypertrophy, has also been identified in hypertensive children; furthermore, recent studies show that hypertension is associated with deficits in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric function, suggesting damage to the centr…”
BackgroundJohnson, R. J., Gerson, A. C., Harshman, L. A., Matheson, M. B., Shinnar, S., Lande, M. B., Kogon, A. J., Gipson, D. S., Warady, B. A., Furth, S. L., et al. (2020) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-020-04511-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationBlood pressure in obese and overweight children and adolescents.
Mazor‐Aronovitch, K., Lotan, D., Modan‐Moses, D., Fradkin, A., & Pinhas‐Hamiel, O. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
What Level of Blood Pressure Is Concerning in Childhood?
Flynn, J. T. (2022) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.319819 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hailpern, S. M., Egan, B. M., Lewis, K. D., Wagner, C., Shattat, G. F., Qaoud, D. I. A., & Shatat, I. F. (2014) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2014.00100 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Neuropsychological characteristics of adolescent boys differing in risk for high blood pressure
Ditto, B., Séguin, J. R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2006) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3103_4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Although much smaller than the Lande et al. ( 25 ) study, the results of this investigation are consistent with their findings and raise a number of issues.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFlynn, J. T. (2010) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0b013e3283373016 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
High blood pressure in the pediatric age group.
de Andrade, H. A., António, N., Rodrigues, D., Silva, A. M. D., Pêgo, M., & Providência, L. A. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The progression of carotid atherosclerosis and imaging markers of dementia
Baradaran, H., Demissie, S., Himali, J. J., Beiser, A., Gupta, A. K., Polak, J. F., DeCarli, C. S., Seshadri, S. S., & Romero, J. R. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12015 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Pediatrics
Patel, S. S., & Daniels, S. R. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0976-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Blood pressure and cognitive function
Lyngdoh, T., Viswanathan, B., Kobrosly, R. W., van Wijngaarden, E., Huber, B., Davidson, P. W., Cory‐Slechta, D. A., Strain, J., MYERS, G. J., & Bovet, P. (2013) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283604176 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“A cross-sectional study conducted in a nationallyrepresentative sample of 5077 children aged 6–16 years in the US (NHANES III) found that cognitive function [based on block design and digit span test scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the RevisedWISC] decreased as SBP (but not DBP) incre…”
BackgroundMarras, A. R., Bassareo, P. P., & Ruscazio, M. (2009) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951109003722 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“0%, was higher than levels reported internationally, where the range is generally from 1 to 5%.(15) We found isolated diastolic hypertension to be most prevalent using our own curves, and isolated systolic hypertension most prevalent using the tables of Menghetti and colleagues.”
BackgroundAdoption of Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Guidelines: A Cluster-Randomized Trial
LaBresh, K. A., Ariza, A. J., Lazorick, S., Furberg, R., Whetstone, L. M., Hobbs, C. L., Jesus, J. M. D., Salinas, I. G., Bender, R. H., & Binns, H. J. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0876 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of valsartan in hypertensive children 6 months to 5 years of age
Schaefer, F. S., Coppo, R., Bagga, A., Senguttuvan, P., Schlosshauer, R., Zhang, Y., & Kadwa, M. (2013) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835f5721 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Uric acid and hypertension in adolescents
Feig, D. I. (2005) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2004.09.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Abilities in U.S. Adolescents
Rubens, M., Ramamoorthy, V., Saxena, A., George, F., Shehadeh, N., Attonito, J. M., McCoy, H. V., & Beck‐Sagué, C. M. (2016) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2016.0015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In a study 28 in 5077 children aged 6–16 years from the NHANES III population, it was found that children with increased SBP scored lower in the digit span component of WISC-R cognitive test, similar to our findings in older children.”
Treatment of Hypertension in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Halbach, S. M., & Flynn, J. T. (2014) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0503-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Prevalence of hypertension in primary school-children in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Okoh, B., Alikor, E. A. D., & Akani, N. (2012) · Paediatrics and International Child Health · doi:10.1179/2046905512y.0000000039 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bugge, A., Möller, S., Westfall, D. R., Tarp, J., Gejl, A. K., Wedderkopp, N., & Hillman, C. H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199281 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“However, others found that children and adolescents with sysBP 90th percentile performed poorer on a working memory task compared to their normotensive peers [22, 42].”
BackgroundManagement of Chronic Kidney Disease
VanDeVoorde, R. G., & Warady, B. A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_68 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chrysaidou, K., Kotsis, V., Chainoglou, A., Tzovaras, F., Gidaris, D., Chatzipapa, N., Zafeiriou, D., & Stabouli, S. (2020) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000002371 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In children, the first report of this association was described in a cross-sectional analysis of 5077 children and adolescents (aged 6–16 years) who participated in the NHANES III [6].”
BackgroundBlood pressure is associated with cognitive impairment in young hypertensives
Gupta, R. M., Solanki, R. K., & Pathak, V. (2008) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970601187784 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Interestingly, cognitive decline is not limited only to the elderly population, since similar findings have also been reported in children and adolescents (Lande et al. 2003).”
ResultMartin, A., Saunders, D. H., Shenkin, S. D., & Sproule, J. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009728 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Use of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring As Standard of Care in Pediatrics
Peterson, C. G., & Miyashita, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00153 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Early studies in children on the link between HTN and cognitive function include a cross-sectional study that demonstrates children with elevated clinic SBP have an independent association with lower digit span test scores, which is a measure of short-term memory, attention, and concentration (37).”
BackgroundKupferman, J. C., Batisky, D. L., Samuels, J., Adams, H., Hooper, S. R., Wang, H., & Lande, M. B. (2018) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-018-3954-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationRecognition of Elevated Blood Pressure in an Outpatient Pediatric Tertiary Care Setting
Beacher, D. R., Chang, S. Z., Rosen, J. S., Lipkin, G. S., McCarville, M. M., Quadri, M., Kwon, S., Lane, J. C., Binns, H. J., & Ariza, A. J. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
What Is the Significance of Increased Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Hypertensive Adolescents?
Flynn, J. T. (2006) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000226914.44904.ca · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cognitive Function in Hypertensive Children
Lande, M. B., & Kupferman, J. C. (2014) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0508-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationHypertension in overweight and obese children
Ippisch, H. M., & Daniels, S. R. (2008) · Progress in Pediatric Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ppedcard.2008.05.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Abnormalities in neurocognitive function have been reported in otherwise normal adolescents with hypertension [31], and decreased visual acuity has been noted in childrenwith severe BP elevation [32].”
BackgroundSreeramareddy, C. T., Chew, W., Poulsaeman, V., Boo, N., Choo, K., & Yap, S. (2013) · Journal of Family and Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/2230-8229.114769 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“[6‐10] Childhood overweight and obesity are known to increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity, irrespective of whether obesity persists into adulthood.”
BackgroundAssessment of hypertension-mediated organ damage in children and adolescents with hypertension
Pac, M., Obrycki, Ł., Koziej, J., Skoczyński, K., Starnawska-Bojsza, A., & Litwin, M. (2023) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037051.2023.2212085 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Studies in young adults showed that hypertensive individuals, although within normal range, have lower performance on neurocognitive testing, particularly in the fields of attention, working memory, and executive function what represents an early hypertensive target organ damage [85–94].”
BackgroundIs the Brain an Early or Late Component of Essential Hypertension?
Jennings, J. R., Muldoon, M. F., & Sved, A. F. (2020) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaa038 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yeh, T., Cho, Y., Yeh, T.-C., Hu, C., Lee, L., & Chang, C. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/520619 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Alhamed, . A., Toly, V. B., Hooper, S. R., & Dell, K. M. (2021) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12946 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hypertension and cognitive function: a review of life-course factors and disparities
Anda‐Duran, I. D., Woltz, S. G., Bell, C. N., & Bazzano, L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000975 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Cross-sectional results from the NHANES III study demonstrated that SBP the 90 percentile in children 6–16years associated with decreased performance on the Digit Span Task [65].”
Clinical overview of hypertensive crisis in children
Yang, W., Lin, M.-J., Chen, C., & Wu, H. (2015) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.510 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Updates on Hypertension and New Guidelines
Singer, P. S. (2019) · Advances in Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2019.03.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hypertension in Children: An Overview
Pinto, A., Roldan, R., & Sollecito, T. P. (2006) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2006.70.4.tb04098.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“creased peripheral resistance (atherosclerosis being one of its causes) is highly indicative of essential hypertension.(3) Genetics also plays an increasing role in the development of primary hypertension.”
BackgroundInfluentialNeurodevelopmental Status and Adaptive Behaviors in Preschool Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Duquette, P. J., Hooper, S. R., Icard, P., Hower, S. J., Mamak, E. G., Wetherington, C. E., & Gipson, D. S. (2008) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466907313351 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Urbina, E. M., Khoury, P. R., McCoy, C. E., Daniels, S. R., Dolan, L. M., & Kimball, T. R. (2015) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/mbp.0000000000000110 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lucas, I., Puteikis, K., Sinha, M. D., Litwin, M., Merkevičius, K., Ažukaitis, K., Rus, R. R., Pac, M., Obrycki, Ł., Bårdsen, T., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.973793 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Children with AH showed lower digit span in the verbal scale of the WISC-R, a measure of shortterm memory, attention and concentration (30).”
BackgroundInfluentialCardiovascular Disease and Neurocognitive Function
Waldstein, S. R., Wendell, C. R., Hosey, M. M., Seliger, S. L., & Katzel, L. I. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1364-7_5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Management of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents
Flynn, J. T., & Falkner, B. E. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0101-8.00034-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lande, M. B., Kaczorowski, J. M., Auinger, P., Schwartz, G. J., & Weitzman, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lande, Marc B
- Venue
- The Journal of Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 720-724
- ISSN
- 0022-3476 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081457754
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- elevated blood pressure, pediatric hypertension, cognitive function, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, digit span, block designs, mathematics achievement, elementary school students, adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Blood Pressure, Child, Cognition Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Nutrition Surveys, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
