Predicting the future of plant breeding: complementing empirical evaluation with genetic prediction
Open accessAbstract
For the foreseeable future, plant breeding methodology will continue to unfold as a practical application of the scaling of quantitative biology. These efforts to increase the effective scale of breeding programs will focus on the immediate and long-term needs of society. The foundations of the quantitative dimension will be integration of quantitative genetics, statistics, gene-to-phenotype knowledge of traits embedded within crop growth and development models. The integration will be enabled by advances in quantitative genetics methodology and computer simulation. The foundations of the biology dimension will be integrated experimental and functional gene-to-phenotype modelling approaches that advance our understanding of functional germplasm diversity, and gene-to-phenotype trait relationships for the native and transgenic variation utilised in agricultural crops. The trait genetic knowledge created will span scales of biology, extending from molecular genetics to multi-trait phenotypes embedded within evolving genotype–environment systems. The outcomes sought and successes achieved by plant breeding will be measured in terms of sustainable improvements in agricultural production of food, feed, fibre, biofuels and other desirable plant products that meet the needs of society. In this review, examples will be drawn primarily from our experience gained through commercial maize breeding. Implications for other crops, in both the private and public sectors, will be discussed.
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Beyond prediction, there must be mechanisms for detection and selection of positive G-M combinations by breeders and/or agronomists during the crop improvement process.
“Further, beyond prediction, there must be mechanisms for detection and selection of the positive G–M combinations by either or both breeders and agronomists during the crop improvement process (Cooper et al. 2014b; Hammer et al. 2020).”
From Tackling G × E × M interactions to close on-farm yield-gaps: creating novel pathways for crop improvement by predicting contributions of genetics and management to crop productivity (2021) · cites this paper as Cooper et al. 2014b
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies genotype–management interactions as important and anticipates co-development of germplasm and resource-efficient management strategies. The Discussion’s Fig. 2 description (page unavailable) also describes testing and selecting superior hybrids across environments. The paper does not explicitly call for mechanisms to detect and select positive genotype–management combinations by breeders or agronomists beyond prediction. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAt present, breeders and agronomists largely work as a sequential tag team, or independently, conducting empirical research and making predictions to seek answers for pressing questions within their own domains.
“At present, breeders and agronomists largely work as a sequential tag team, or independently, conducting empirical research and making predictions to seek answers for the pressing questions within their own domains (e.g. Reynolds 2010; Fischer et al. 2014; Cooper et al. 2014b; Assefa et al. 2018; Edreira et al. 2018; Beres et al. 2020; Rotili et al. 2020; Snowdon et al. 2020).”
From Tackling G × E × M interactions to close on-farm yield-gaps: creating novel pathways for crop improvement by predicting contributions of genetics and management to crop productivity (2021) · cites this paper as Cooper et al. 2014b
The Introduction describes plant breeders using field evaluation and genetic prediction to address breeding questions. It does not establish that breeders and agronomists largely work independently or as a sequential team; instead, the Introduction calls cross-disciplinary integration a hallmark of successful plant breeding and describes continuing interplay between genetic improvement and crop management. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTo realise potential of these opportunities, integrated modelling methods are required that can deal with high dimensionality of the G × E × M problem space and combine genomic prediction for breeding with agronomic prediction for management to improve crop productivity and reduce on-farm yield-gaps.
“To realise the potential of these opportunities, we require integrated modelling methods that can deal with the high dimensionality of the G × E × M problem space and can combine genomic prediction for breeding with agronomic prediction for management to improve crop productivity and reduce on-farm yield-gaps (Cooper et al. 2014b, 2020; Messina et al. 2018, 2020a, b; Hammer et al. 2020).”
From Tackling G × E × M interactions to close on-farm yield-gaps: creating novel pathways for crop improvement by predicting contributions of genetics and management to crop productivity (2021) · cites this paper as Cooper et al. 2014b
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe use of data derived from environmental typing analysis can be an important source to bridge the gap between phenotypic and genomic correlations across MET.
“On the other hand, the use of data derived from environmental typing analysis (e.g., environmental covariable, W) can be an important source to bridge the gap between phenotypic and genomic correlations across MET (Cooper et al. 2014).”
From Nonlinear kernels, dominance, and envirotyping data increase the accuracy of genome-based prediction in multi-environment trials (2021) · cites this paper as Cooper et al. 2014
The ‘Improved phenotyping methodology: managed environments’ section (page unavailable) describes envirotyping as characterising environments in multi-environment trials and as a complement to genotyping and phenotyping. The ‘experimental design and analysis’ section discusses genetic correlations between environments, but the copy does not say that envirotyping data bridge a gap between phenotypic and genomic correlations. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor maize in the US corn-belt, Cooper et al. (2014b) advocated G × E × M modelling throughout the breeding program cycle to augment the empirical testing footprint of METs.
“Similarly, for maize in the US corn-belt, Cooper et al. (2014b) advocated G × E × M modelling throughout the breeding program cycle to augment the empirical testing footprint of METs.”
From Tackling G × E × M interactions to close on-farm yield-gaps: creating novel pathways for crop improvement by predicting contributions of genetics and management to crop productivity (2021) · cites this paper as Cooper et al. 2014b
The maize hybrid breeding methods that we are familiar with today were built on such a long history and continue to be refined.
“For example, the maize hybrid breeding methods that we are familiar with today were built on such a long history (Duvick 2005a, b; Technow et al. 2020) and continue to be refined (Cooper et al. 2014b; Messina et al. 2020a).”
From Tackling G × E × M interactions to close on-farm yield-gaps: creating novel pathways for crop improvement by predicting contributions of genetics and management to crop productivity (2021) · cites this paper as Cooper et al. 2014b
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(2010) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/(issn)1467-7652 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
QTL linkage analysis of connected populations using ancestral marker and pedigree information
Bink, M. C. A. M., Totir, L. R., ter Braak, C. J. F., Winkler, C. R., Boer, M. P., & Smith, O. S. (2012) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-011-1772-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, A. B., Cullis, B. R., & Thompson, R. A. (2002) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851996011.0323 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
(1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Genomics, Genetics, and Plant Breeding
Cooper, M., Smith, O. S., Graham, G., Arthur, L., Feng, L., & Podlich, D. (2004) · Crop Science · doi:10.2135/cropsci2004.1907 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationMixed model approaches for the identification of QTLs within a maize hybrid breeding program
van Eeuwijk, F. A., Boer, M. P., Totir, L. R., Bink, M. C. A. M., Wright, D. L., Winkler, C. R., Podlich, D., Boldman, K. G., Baumgarten, A., Smalley, M., et al. (2009) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-009-1205-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPiepho, H., & Williams, E. R. (2006) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-006-0398-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The struggle to exploit non-additive variation
Walsh, B. (2005) · Australian Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1071/ar05152 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Potential gain from optimizing multigeneration selection on an identified quantitative trait locus.
Dekkers, J. C. M., & Chakraborty, R. P. (2001) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2001.79122975x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Characterizing environmental challenges using models.
Muchow, R. C., Cooper, M., & Hammer, G. (1996) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470650349 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Modelling Plant Breeding Programs as Search Strategies on a Complex Response Surface
Podlich, D. W., & Cooper, M. A. (1999) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-48873-1_23 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationTEMPORAL TRENDS IN SSR ALLELE FREQUENCIES ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM SELECTION FOR YIELD OF MAIZE 1
Feng, L., Sebastian, S. A., Smith, S. J., et al. (2006) · Maydica · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Identity-by-Descent Matrix Decomposition Using Latent Ancestral Allele Models
ter Braak, C. J. F., Boer, M. P., Totir, L. R., Winkler, C. R., Smith, O. S., & Bink, M. C. A. M. (2010) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.110.117390 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationQiao, C. G., Basford, K. E., DeLacy, I. H., & Cooper, M. (2003) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1541-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental design and analysis for variety trials.
Basford, K. E., Williams, E. R., Cullis, B. R., & Gilmour, A. R. (1996) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Special issues on advances in quantitative genetics: introduction
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Schwarzacher, T. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/ · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Integrating Breeding Tools to Generate Information for Efficient Breeding: Past, Present, and Future
Cooper, M., Smith, O. S., Merrill, R. E., Arthur, L., Podlich, D., & Löffler, C. M. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470752708.ch10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, S. J., Löffler, C. M., & Cooper, M. (2006) · Maydica · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Accelerating crop genetic gains with genomic selection
Voss-Fels, K. P., Cooper, M., & Hayes, B. J. (2019) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-018-3270-8 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrating Crop Growth Models with Whole Genome Prediction through Approximate Bayesian Computation
Technow, F., Messina, C. D., Totir, L. R., & Cooper, M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130855 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“Genomic selection [1], enabled by whole genome prediction (WGP) methods, is revolutionizing plant breeding [2].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMessina, C. D., Technow, F., Tang, T., Totir, R., Gho, C., & Cooper, M. (2018) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/j.eja.2018.01.007 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationCooper, M., Technow, F., Messina, C., Gho, C., & Totir, L. R. (2016) · Crop Science · doi:10.2135/cropsci2015.08.0512 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Eeuwijk, F. A., Bustos-Korts, D., Millet, E. J., Boer, M. P., Kruijer, W., Thompson, A., Malosetti, M., Iwata, H., Quiroz, R., Kuppe, C., et al. (2019) · Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.018 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“The choice for one or the other strategy will depend on how well locations in an average year represent the whole range of environmental conditions and on the estimated yearto-year variation [8,136,137].”
BackgroundInfluentialGaffney, J., Schussler, J., Löffler, C., Cai, W., Paszkiewicz, S., Messina, C., Groeteke, J., Keaschall, J., & Cooper, M. (2015) · Crop Science · doi:10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0654 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic architecture of plant stress resistance: Multi-trait genome-wide association mapping
Thoen, M. P. M., Davila Olivas, N. H., Kloth, K. J., Coolen, S., Huang, P., Aarts, M. G. M., Bac‐Molenaar, J. A., Bakker, J., Bouwmeester, H. J., Broekgaarden, C., et al. (2017) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.14220 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“…and the intensity with which they occur are not guaranteed and, therefore, plant breeders developed the concept of managed stress trials in which specific and well-defined stress conditions are imposed for a single stress or a small number of stresses (Cooper & Hammer, 1996; Cooper et al. , 2014).”
Costa-Neto, G., Fritsche-Neto, R., & Crossa, J. (2021) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/s41437-020-00353-1 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Integrating genetic gain and gap analysis to predict improvements in crop productivity
Cooper, M., Tang, T., Gho, C., Hart, T., Hammer, G., & Messina, C. (2020) · Crop Science · doi:10.1002/csc2.20109 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationCooper, M., Voss-Fels, K. P., Messina, C. D., Tang, T., & Hammer, G. L. (2021) · Theoretical and Applied Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00122-021-03812-3 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationBiological reality and parsimony in crop models—why we need both in crop improvement!
Hammer, G., Messina, C., Wu, A., & Cooper, M. (2019) · in silico Plants · doi:10.1093/insilicoplants/diz010 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationWashburn, J. D., Burch, M. B., & Franco, J. A. V. (2020) · Crop Science · doi:10.1002/csc2.20052 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Ramirez‐Villegas, J., Molero Milan, A., Alexandrov, N., Asseng, S., Challinor, A. J., Crossa, J., van Eeuwijk, F., Ghanem, M. E., Grenier, C., Heinemann, A. B., et al. (2020) · Crop Science · doi:10.1002/csc2.20048 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cooper, M., Messina, C. D., Tang, T., Gho, C., Powell, O. M., Podlich, D. W., Technow, F., & Hammer, G. L. (2022) · Plant Breeding Reviews · doi:10.1002/9781119874157.ch8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationOn to the next chapter for crop breeding: Convergence with data science
Ersoz, E. S., Martin, N. F., & Stapleton, A. E. (2020) · Crop Science · doi:10.1002/csc2.20054 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cooper, M., Messina, C. D., Podlich, D., Totir, L. R., Baumgarten, A., Hausmann, N. J., Wright, D., & Graham, G.
- Affiliations
- Pioneer Hi-Bred (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cooper, Mark
- Venue
- Crop & Pasture Science
- Publisher
- CSIRO Publishing
- Published
- 2014-04-23
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 311-336
- ISSN
- 0004-9409 (ISSN-L)
- 1836-0947
- 1836-5795
- OpenAlex
- W2113927720
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 16.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Australian Journal of Agricultural Research (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Genetics and Plant Breeding
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- plant breeding, quantitative genetics, genetic prediction, germplasm diversity, genetically modified crops, maize breeding, sustainable agricultural production
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