Cited by 149Evolution and Paleontology StudiesPleistocene-Era Hominins and ArchaeologyPrimate Behavior and Ecology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Genomic data support the hominoid slowdown and an Early Oligocene estimate for the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence.

Open access

Steiper, Michael E., Young, Nathan M., Sukarna, Tika Y.·2004·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.0407270101PMC PMC535389

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that hominoids (apes and humans) and cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys) diverged around 23-25 Mya. Importantly, although this range of dates has been used as both an initial assumption and as a confirmation of results in many molecular-clock analyses, it has not been critically assessed on its own merits. In this article we test the robusticity of the 23- to 25-Mya estimate with approximately 150,000 base pairs of orthologous DNA sequence data from two cercopithecoids and two hominoids by using quartet analysis. This method is an improvement over other estimates of the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence because it incorporates two calibration points, one each within cercopithecoids and hominoids, and tests for a statistically appropriate model of molecular evolution. Most comparisons reject rate constancy in favor of a model incorporating two rates of evolution, supporting the "hominoid slowdown" hypothesis. By using this model of molecular evolution, the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence is estimated to range from 29.2 to 34.5 Mya, significantly older than most previous analyses. Hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence dates of 23-25 Mya fall outside of the confidence intervals estimated, suggesting that as much as one-third of ape evolution has not been paleontologically sampled. Identifying stem cercopithecoids or hominoids from this period will be difficult because derived features that define crown catarrhines need not be present in early members of these lineages. More sites that sample primate habitats from the Oligocene of Africa are needed to better understand early ape and Old World monkey evolution.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.0407270101

Cites

77 of 77 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Basic local alignment search tool
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1990.9999 · Cited by 98,669
CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., & Gibson, T. J. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 · Cited by 64,617
The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools
Thompson, J. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.24.4876 · Cited by 38,685
Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach.
Felsenstein, J. (1981) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01734359 · Cited by 14,571
PAUP^* : Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other methods) 4.0b8
Swofford, D. L. (2001) · Cited by 12,789
Dating of the human–ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA.
Hasegawa, M., Kishino, H., & Yano, T.-A. (1985) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02101694 · Cited by 8,687
PAUP (phylogenetic analysis using parsimony)
(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_12413 · Cited by 4,424
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic estimation from DNA sequences with variable rates over sites: Approximate methods.
Yang, Z. (1994) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00160154 · Cited by 2,960
A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution
Kumar, S., & Hedges, S. B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/31927 · Cited by 1,936
A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa
Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D. R., Mackaye, H. T., Likius, A., Djimdoumalbaye, A., Beauvilain, A., Blondel, C., Bocherens, H., Boisserie, J., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00879 · Cited by 1,095

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 78 references

1 of the 78 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 11

Pilbeam, D. R. & Young, N. M. (2004) C. R. Palevol. 3, 303–319.
Bailey, W. J., Fitch, D. H., Tagle, D. A., Czelusniak, J., Slightom, J. L. & Goodman, M. (1991) Mol. Biol. Evol. 8, 155–184.2046542
Rasmussen D. T. (2002) in The Primate Fossil Record ed. Hartwig W. (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge U.K.) pp. 203–220.
Sanders, W. J., Kappelman, J. & Rasmussen, D. T. (2004) Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 49, 365–392.
Easteal, S. & Collet, C. (1994) Mol. Biol. Evol. 11, 643–647.8078402
Easteal, S. (1991) Mol. Biol. Evol. 8, 115–127.2002761
Goodman, M. (1961) Hum. Biol. 33, 131–162.13707050
Seino, S., Bell, G. I. & Li, W. H. (1992) Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 193–203.1560757
Senut, B., Pickford, M., Gommery, D., Mein, P., Chebol, K. & Coppens, Y. (2001) C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 137–144.
10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 · DOI · Paper page
Harrison T. (2002) in The Primate Fossil Record ed. Hartwig W. (Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge) pp. 311–338.

Sorted by citations

Items 101–149 of 149

Phylogeny reconstruction: overview
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0003 · Cited by 4
Adaptation of HLA testing to characterize the cynomolgus macaque MHC polymorphisms and alloantibody signatures
Agarwal, D., Liu, C., Bhoj, V. G., Kearns, J. D., Bharani, T., Choe, I., Vivek, K., O’Connor, D. H., Wiseman, R. W., Duquesnoy, R. J., et al. (2023) · HLA · doi:10.1111/tan.15239 · Cited by 3
“12 The macaque MHC has an unusually high level of complexity compared to the human MHC, especially with respect to sequence diversity and conservation, as well as variability in the rates and types of gene duplications and indel activity, 13 – 15 which, in turn, limits the applicability of…”
Background
Ideal illuminants for rod/L-cone color
McCann, J. J. (2006) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.656567 · Cited by 3
Fijaciones de los músculos caudo-mediales del antebrazo de primates: una revisión y adaptación a la terminología anatómica veterinaria
García, J. F. V., & Castañeda-Herrera, F. E. (2016) · Boletín Científico Centro de Museos Museo de Historia Natural · doi:10.17151/bccm.2016.20.1.10 · Cited by 3
Neutral and adaptive protein evolution
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0011 · Cited by 2
Simulating molecular evolution
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0012 · Cited by 2
Culture as a Life History Character
Grove, M. L. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190096168.003.0007 · Cited by 2
Models of amino acid and codon substitution
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Parting ways: Pan-Homo divergence revisited
Coelho, J. D., Anemone, R. L., Bobe, R. L., & Carvalho, S. (2026) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-026-01269-w · Cited by 1
“Because calibration points can impose hard minimum bounds, using underestimated values can skew results toward younger divergence times (Steiper et al. 2004; Marshall 2008).”
Influential
Models of amino acid and codon substitution
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Coalescent theory and species trees
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0009 · Cited by 1
The Human Genome Project: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?
Kumar, S., Kingsley, C. B., & DiStefano, J. K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-46306-2_2 · Cited by 1
“(Li and Tanimura 1987; Steiper et al. 2004; Elango et al. 2006).”
Background
Genetic Conservation and Population Management of Non‐Human Primates: Parentage Determination Using Seven Microsatellite‐Based Multiplexes
de Groot, N. G., de Vos‐Rouweler, A. J. M., Heijmans, C. M. C., Louwerse, A. L., Massen, J. J. M., Langermans, J. A. M., Bontrop, R. E., & Bruijnesteijn, J. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.71216 · Cited by 1
“Baboons and macaques both belong to the Papionini tribe of the Old World monkey family and share a common ancestor approximately 6–8 million years ago (Steiper et al. 2004).”
Models of nucleotide substitution
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Bayesian methods
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0005 · Cited by 1
On Estimating Topology and Divergence Times in Phylogenetics
Svennblad, B. (2008) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Provision of safe donor pigs for xenotransplantation
Egerer, S. (2020) · Electronic Theses of LMU Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.25787 · Cited by 1
Maximum likelihood methods
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0004 · Cited by 1
Loss of Cell Surface aGal during Catarrhine Evolution: Possible Implications for the Evolution of Resistance to Viral Infections and for Oligocene Lineage Divergence
Rodriquez, I. A. (2020) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/a152-e876
“…The phylogenetic split of the two superfamilies belonging to the infraorder Catarrhini – Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys; OWM) and Hominoidea (apes, including humans) – occurred during the Oligocene, estimated at about 29 Ma (Steiper et al., 2004; Chatterjee et al., 2009; Zalmout et al., 2010).”
Background
Evolução do crânio dos macacos do Velho Mundo: uma abordagem de genética quantitativa
de Oliveira, F. B. (2009) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2009.tde-21052009-095042
Caracterização e dinâmica evolutiva de retrovírus endógenos da família K (ERV-K) em genomas de primatas.
Romano, C. M. (2009) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2009.tde-29012010-105745
Morris Goodman (1925–2010)
Sterner, K. N., & Wildman, D. E. (2011) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.003
EVOLUTION OF MHC CLASS I COMPLEX REGION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FRAGMENTARY LINE SEQUENCES
Tateno, Y., Fukami-Kobayashi, K., & Inoko, H. (2008) · Quantum Bio-Informatics · doi:10.1142/9789812793171_0032
Comparison of methods and tests on trees
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0006
Bayesian computation (MCMC)
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Comparison of phylogenetic methods and tests on trees
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0005
Molecular clock and estimation of species divergence times
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0007
Molecular Clocks, Human Evolution
Ho, S. Y. W., & Endicott, P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_79-1
Negative correlation between mean female age at first birth and rates of molecular evolution in primates, with predictions of the reproductive age in early homininsPreprint
Bajdek, P. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.09.232769
“The present study corroborates the hominoid slowdown hypothesis (Goodman, 1985; Li and Tanimura, 1987; Steiper et al., 2004) as the paths of the families Hominidae and Hylobatidae are fairly short relative to other groups of the Primates, which is more evident resolving the phylogeny by the ME method (Fig.”
Result
Bayesian theory
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0006
Perspectives
Yang, Z. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0010
Appendices
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0013
Molecular clock and estimation of species divergence times
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0010
Bayesian phylogenetics
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0008
Phylogeny reconstruction: overview
Yang, Z. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0003
Molecular Clocks, Human Evolution
Ho, S. Y. W., & Endicott, P. (2015) · Encyclopedia of earth sciences series/Encyclopedia of earth sciences · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_79
Evolution
(2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-32838-6_7
Copyright Page
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.002.0004
Appendices
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.005.0001
Dedication
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.002.0005
Preface
(2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.002.0006
Preface
(2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.002.0005
Copyright Page
(2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.002.0003
Foreword
(2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.002.0004
Genome-wide analysis reveals the contributors to fast molecular evolution of the Chinese hook snout carp ( Opsariichthys bidens )
Li, F., Wang, W., Cheng, H., & Li, M. (2024) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.048
“For instance, in mammals, orthologous DNA sequences of cercopithecoids experience substitution rate that are much faster than those of hominoids [77]; birds in the order Passeriformes exhibit higher substitution rate than other avian species [102]; in insects, the low-elevation bumblebees have…”
Estimation des longueurs de branche et artefact sur la datation moléculaire
Alaoui, W. E. (2008) · doi:10.71781/28880
Apprentissage de dépendances non-adjacentes et traitement de grammaires supra-régulières chez le babouin et l'humain
Malassis, R. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/eb6dd155z1009z422azb114za2ca897129e6
Extending scheduling algorithms to minimise the impact of bounded uncertainty using interval programming
Hany, A., & Hossny, M. (2014)
Genetic and functional characterisation of killer cell immunoglobulin like receptors (KIR) of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Kruse, P. H. (2011) · doi:10.53846/goediss-431

Authors: Steiper, M. E., Young, N. M., & Sukarna, T. Y.
Affiliations: University of Calgary (CA)
ORCID: Steiper, Michael E.
Young, Nathan M.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2004-11-30
Volume: 101
Issue: 49
Pages: 17021-17026
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407270101
PMC: PMC535389
OpenAlex: W1964511844
Cited by: 149
References: 78
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 12.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (RR03037)
National Center for Research Resources (RR-03037, G12RR003037)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: Oligocene, molecular clock, divergence time estimation, rate heterogeneity, Old World monkeys, apes, primate evolution
MeSH terms: Animals, Cercopithecidae, Biological Evolution, Humans, Models, Genetic, Phylogeny, Time, Hominidae, Likelihood Functions, Evolution, Molecular, Contig Mapping

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Genomic data support the hominoid slowdown and an Early Oligocene estimate for the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks