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Genomic data support the hominoid slowdown and an Early Oligocene estimate for the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence.
Open accessAbstract
Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that hominoids (apes and humans) and cercopithecoids (Old World monkeys) diverged around 23-25 Mya. Importantly, although this range of dates has been used as both an initial assumption and as a confirmation of results in many molecular-clock analyses, it has not been critically assessed on its own merits. In this article we test the robusticity of the 23- to 25-Mya estimate with approximately 150,000 base pairs of orthologous DNA sequence data from two cercopithecoids and two hominoids by using quartet analysis. This method is an improvement over other estimates of the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence because it incorporates two calibration points, one each within cercopithecoids and hominoids, and tests for a statistically appropriate model of molecular evolution. Most comparisons reject rate constancy in favor of a model incorporating two rates of evolution, supporting the "hominoid slowdown" hypothesis. By using this model of molecular evolution, the hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence is estimated to range from 29.2 to 34.5 Mya, significantly older than most previous analyses. Hominoid-cercopithecoid divergence dates of 23-25 Mya fall outside of the confidence intervals estimated, suggesting that as much as one-third of ape evolution has not been paleontologically sampled. Identifying stem cercopithecoids or hominoids from this period will be difficult because derived features that define crown catarrhines need not be present in early members of these lineages. More sites that sample primate habitats from the Oligocene of Africa are needed to better understand early ape and Old World monkey evolution.
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“E) mean = 7 MYA, stdev = 1.0 for TMRCA of Papionini [82]”
From A molecular phylogeny of living primates (2011) · cites this paper as [82]
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“…and sequencing from genomic DNA of apes and Old World monkeys, but not from New World monkeys and prosimians, considering an integration event more than approximately 30 million years ago with a subsequent changing in gorillas (Steiper et al., 2004; FukamiKobayashi et al., 2005; see also Figs.”
BackgroundMiller‐Butterworth, C. M., Kaplan, J. R., Barmada, M. M., Manuck, S. B., & Ferrell, R. E. (2007) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-007-9162-3 · Cited by 25
Hlusko, L. J. (2007) · Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.16428715 · Cited by 21
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Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2007) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-007-0038-2 · Cited by 20
“Baboons are Old World monkeys that shared a common ancestor with humans approximately 30 million years ago (Boyd and Silk 2000; Steiper et al. 2004).”
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Williams, M. F. (2005) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.09.024 · Cited by 15
“Also, the hypothesis of a constant rate of neutral mutation in all animal taxa is no longer tenable since the rate of neutral mutation appears to be heterogeneous amongst taxa [73,74].”
BackgroundMorris Goodman’s hominoid rate slowdown: The importance of being neutral
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“Similarities in physiology and life history traits, for example a long juvenile period, are attributable to humans and macaques sharing a recent common ancestor dating to the Oligocene (ca 30–35 mya) ( Steiper et al. 2004 ).”
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“Also, contrary to the proposal that there is a “general molecular slow‐down” in hominoids (e.g., Goodman et al. 1985; Steiper et al. 2004) the muscle evolutionary rates at the nodes leading to, or within, the hominoids are among the highest within the primate clade.”
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“These two species pairs share a similar divergence time of 6–8 million years, based upon fossil records (Steiper et al. 2004).”
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“Catarrhini Catarrhines apparently originated in AfroArabia during the Paleogene and were restricted to this region until the early Miocene (Steiper et al. 2004).”
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“Baboons are Old World monkeys that shared a common ancestor with humans roughly 30 million years ago (Steiper et al. 2004).”
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“All of the estimates greater than 20 Ma are based on the analysis of mtDNA data alone, so it seems that there is a problem estimating the date of this node from mtDNA, possibly related to the changing substitution rate within the sister hominoid clade (Goodman 1961, 1963, 1996; Steiper et al. 2004).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Steiper, M. E., Young, N. M., & Sukarna, T. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-11-30
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 49
- Pages
- 17021-17026
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC535389
- OpenAlex
- W1964511844
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 12.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RR03037)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-03037, G12RR003037)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- Oligocene, molecular clock, divergence time estimation, rate heterogeneity, Old World monkeys, apes, primate evolution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cercopithecidae, Biological Evolution, Humans, Models, Genetic, Phylogeny, Time, Hominidae, Likelihood Functions, Evolution, Molecular, Contig Mapping
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