The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-generated diversity produces “insurance effects” in biofilm communities
Open accessAbstract
Diversity generally protects communities from unstable environmental conditions. This principle, known as the “insurance hypothesis,” has been tested in many different ecosystems. Here we show that the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa undergoes extensive genetic diversification during short-term growth in biofilm communities. The induced genetic changes are produced by a recA -dependent mechanism and affect multiple traits, including the behavior of the bacteria in biofilms. Some biofilm-derived variants exhibit an increased ability to disseminate, whereas others manifest accelerated biofilm formation. Furthermore, the presence of these functionally diverse bacteria increases the ability of biofilms to resist an environmental stress. These findings suggest that self-generated diversity in biofilms provides a form of biological insurance that can safeguard the community in the face of adverse conditions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections
Costerton, J. W., Stewart, P. S., & Greenberg, E. P. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1318 · Cited by 12,167
The Involvement of Cell-to-Cell Signals in the Development of a Bacterial Biofilm
Davies, D. G., Parsek, M. R., Pearson, J. P., Iglewski, B. H., Costerton, J. W., & Greenberg, E. P. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5361.295 · Cited by 3,396
Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: The insurance hypothesis
Yachi, S., & Loreau, M. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1463 · Cited by 3,211
Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems.
Tilman, D., Wedin, D., & Knops, J. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/379718a0 · Cited by 2,803
Diversity and Productivity in a Long-Term Grassland Experiment
Tilman, D., Reich, P. B., Knops, J., Wedin, D., Mielke, T., & Lehman, C. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060391 · Cited by 2,373
A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development
Singh, P. K., Parsek, M. R., Greenberg, E. P., & Welsh, M. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/417552a · Cited by 1,026
Self-citationHighly adherent small-colony variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection
Häußler, S., Ziegler, I., Löttel, A., Götz, F. V., Rohde, M., Wehmhöhner, D., Saravanamuthu, S., Tümmler, B., & Steinmetz, I. (2003) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.05069-0 · Cited by 228
Cited by
Flemming, H.-C., & Wingender, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2415 · Cited by 10,137
Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life
Flemming, H.-C., Wingender, J., Szewzyk, U., Steinberg, P., Rice, S. A., & Kjelleberg, S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94 · Cited by 5,979
Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms
Stewart, P. S., & Franklin, M. J. (2008) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1838 · Cited by 2,327
Ecological consequences of genetic diversity
Hughes, A. R., Inouye, B. D., Johnson, M. T. J., Underwood, N., & Vellend, M. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01179.x · Cited by 1,834
Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time
(2012) · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3 · Cited by 1,078
Metadata
- Authors
- Boles, B. R., Thoendel, M., & Singh, P. K.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-11-16
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 16630-16635
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2165400633
- Cited by
- 670
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 8.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Self-generated diversity produces “insurance effects” in biofilm communities. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.0407460101
- The paper
- Boles, B. R., Thoendel, M., & Singh, P. K. (2004). Self-generated diversity produces “insurance effects” in biofilm communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407460101
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.