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Neural representation of time in cortico-basal ganglia circuits
Open accessAbstract
Encoding time is universally required for learning and structuring motor and cognitive actions, but how the brain keeps track of time is still not understood. We searched for time representations in cortico-basal ganglia circuits by recording from thousands of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of macaque monkeys performing a routine visuomotor task. We found that a subset of neurons exhibited time-stamp encoding strikingly similar to that required by models of reinforcement-based learning: They responded with spike activity peaks that were distributed at different time delays after single task events. Moreover, the temporal evolution of the population activity allowed robust decoding of task time by perceptron models. We suggest that time information can emerge as a byproduct of event coding in cortico-basal ganglia circuits and can serve as a critical infrastructure for behavioral learning and performance.
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“Consistent with previous studies23-25, we found that the activity of neurons varied substantially in different trial epochs (99% of neurons, 675/681, ANOVA p<0.05).”
From A reservoir of time constants for memory traces in cortical neurons (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jin, D. Z., Fujii, N., & Graybiel, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science (JP)
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-11-10
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 19156-19161
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2776432
- OpenAlex
- W2156530149
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 6.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (EY12848, R01EY012848)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- cortico-basal ganglia circuits, prefrontal cortex, striatum, reinforcement learning, macaque, visuomotor task, event coding
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Electrophysiology, Macaca mulatta, Models, Psychological, Neural Pathways, Psychomotor Performance, Saccades, Time, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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