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Different time courses for visual perception and action priming
Open accessAbstract
Visual stimuli may remain invisible but nevertheless produce strong and reliable effects on subsequent actions. How well features of a masked prime are perceived depends crucially on its physical parameters and those of the mask. We manipulated the visibility of masked stimuli and contrasted it with their influence on the speed of motor actions, comparing the temporal dynamics of visual awareness in metacontrast masking with that of action priming under the same conditions. We observed priming with identical time course for reportable and invisible prime stimuli, despite qualitative changes in the masking time course. Our findings indicate that experimental variations that modify the subjective visual experience of masked stimuli have no effect on motor effects of those stimuli in early processing. We propose a model that provides a quantitative account of priming effects on response speed and accuracy.
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“(i) Participants were thoroughly instructed and practised each task before completing the experiment, in contrast to Vorberg et al. (2003), where participants received minimal instructions and did not practice the tasks.”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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“(ii) Instead of performing one task per session, as in Vorberg et al. (2003), we alternated prime discrimination blocks and mask discrimination blocks in the same session (see Fig. 1C) to control for session-level confounds, such as differences in motivation or fatigue.”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“(iv) As in Vorberg et al. (2003), we collected the data of six participants across multiple sessions. However, instead of performing a frequentist fixed effect analysis at the group level as Vorberg et al. (2003) did, we tested at the single subject level using a Bayesian statistical framework.”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Further, many unconscious priming studies, including Vorberg et al. (2003), rely on what is known as the double t-test approach.”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Unlike Vorberg et al. (2003), at the group level, participants were able to discriminate the direction of the prime above chance across all SOAs, and unlike in the original study this ability also strongly increased with SOA (12.5 ms: BF10 = 107, d = 0.2; 25 ms: BF10 = 1015, d = 0.2; 37.5 ms: BF10 > 1040, d = 0.3; 50 ms: BF10 = 1014, d = 0.6; 62.5 ms: BF10 > 1040, d = 0.8; 75 ms: BF10 = 1028, d =”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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“Moreover, based on (Vorberg et al. 2003) we expected most SOAs in the prime discrimination task to show null or near-zero effects.”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. 2003
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“However, unlike in the original study by Vorberg and colleagues, evidence for unconscious priming was not consistently present across all SOAs”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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“Based on the visual material and specifications in the methods of Vorberg et al. (2003), we reconstructed the stimuli to be as close as possible to the original.”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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“In the first session, we tried to replicate the core original experiment by Vorberg et al. (2003) as closely as possible (albeit with slightly different presentation times and different display technology; see Stimuli, timing and apparatus above).”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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“In a classic study by Vorberg, D., Mattler, U., Heinecke, A., Schmidt, T., & Schwarzbach, J. (Different time courses for visual perception and action priming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2003, 100(10), 6275–6280.), observers were slower to identify the direction of an arrow mask when it followed an arrow prime pointing in the opposite direction, despite being unable to identify”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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In the citing paper
“As can be seen in Fig. 2, the overall data pattern was similar to that obtained in their study (see Fig. 1A and B).”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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“The data pattern from the initial session mostly replicated the original results by Vorberg et al. (2003).”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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In the citing paper
“The mask discrimination results closely resembled the original results by Vorberg et al. (2003): RTs were, on average, longer for incongruent compared with congruent trials (see 3B), and this priming effect difference became more pronounced as the SOA increased (12.5 ms: BF10 = 0.009, d = 0.1; 25 ms: BF10 = 1019, d = 0.8; 37.5 ms: BF10 = 1013, d = 1.4; 50 ms: BF10 = 1013, d = 1.7; 62.5 ms: BF10 =”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Vorberg et al. (2003)
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- E M Reingold, P M Merikle Consciousness, eds M Davies, G W Humphreys (Blackwell, Oxford), pp. 40–57 (1993).
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Metadata
- Authors
- Vorberg, D., Mattler, U., Heinecke, A., Schmidt, T., & Schwarzbach, J.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Braunschweig (DE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2003-04-28
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 6275-6280
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC156362
- OpenAlex
- W2006679631
- Cited by
- 450
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 6.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- action priming, metacontrast masking, visual perception, visual awareness, masked stimuli, motor response speed, response accuracy, temporal dynamics, early visual processing, stimulus visibility
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Choice Behavior, Humans, Functional Laterality, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reaction Time, Visual Perception
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