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Brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism
Open accessAbstract
The major obstacle in cancer treatment is the resistance of cancer cells to therapies. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates a cellular defense response and is ubiquitously expressed at low basal levels in normal tissues due to Keap1-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Recently, Nrf2 has emerged as an important contributor to chemoresistance. High constitutive expression of Nrf2 was found in many types of cancers, creating an environment conducive for cancer cell survival. Here, we report the identification of brusatol as a unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells and A549 xenografts to cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic drugs. Mechanistically, brusatol selectively reduces the protein level of Nrf2 through enhanced ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Consequently, expression of Nrf2-downstream genes is reduced and the Nrf2-dependent protective response is suppressed. In A549 xenografts, brusatol and cisplatin cotreatment induced apoptosis, reduced cell proliferation, and inhibited tumor growth more substantially when compared with cisplatin treatment alone. Additionally, A549-K xenografts, in which Nrf2 is expressed at very low levels due to ectopic expression of Keap1, do not respond to brusatol treatment, demonstrating that brusatol-mediated sensitization to cisplatin is Nrf2 dependent. Moreover, a decrease in drug detoxification and impairment in drug removal may be the primary mechanisms by which brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of using brusatol to combat chemoresistance and suggest that brusatol can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic drug.
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“brusatol has been shown to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting Nrf2 [229,230].”
From Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [229]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ren, D., Villeneuve, N. F., Jiang, T., Wu, T., Lau, A., Toppin, H. A., & Zhang, D. D.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2011-01-04
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1433-1438
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3029730
- OpenAlex
- W2077950988
- Cited by
- 673
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 12.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (ES006694)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES-006694, R01ES015010, P30ES006694)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Bioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
- Keywords
- brusatol, Nrf2, chemoresistance, cisplatin, Keap1, ubiquitination, proteasomal degradation, apoptosis, A549 xenograft, drug detoxification, adjuvant chemotherapy, lung cancer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Cisplatin, Drug Synergism, Glutathione, HeLa Cells, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Mice, Nude, Immunoblotting, Molecular Structure, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Quassins, Intracellular Space, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, Mice, Ubiquitination
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