Sensitivity to carcinogenesis is increased and chemoprotective efficacy of enzyme inducers is lost in nrf2 transcription factor-deficient mice
Open accessAbstract
Induction of phase 2 enzymes, which neutralize reactive electrophiles and act as indirect antioxidants, appears to be an effective means for achieving protection against a variety of carcinogens in animals and humans. Transcriptional control of the expression of these enzymes is mediated, at least in part, through the antioxidant response element (ARE) found in the regulatory regions of their genes. The transcription factor Nrf2, which binds to the ARE, appears to be essential for the induction of prototypical phase 2 enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1). Constitutive hepatic and gastric activities of GST and NQO1 were reduced by 50-80% in nrf2-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, the 2- to 5-fold induction of these enzymes in wild-type mice by the chemoprotective agent oltipraz, which is currently in clinical trials, was almost completely abrogated in the nrf2-deficient mice. In parallel with the enzymatic changes, nrf2-deficient mice had a significantly higher burden of gastric neoplasia after treatment with benzo[a]pyrene than did wild-type mice. Oltipraz significantly reduced multiplicity of gastric neoplasia in wild-type mice by 55%, but had no effect on tumor burden in nrf2-deficient mice. Thus, Nrf2 plays a central role in the regulation of constitutive and inducible expression of phase 2 enzymes in vivo and dramatically influences susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Moreover, the total loss of anticarcinogenic efficacy of oltipraz in the nrf2-disrupted mice highlights the prime importance of elevated phase 2 gene expression in chemoprotection by this and similar enzyme inducers.
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Upregulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant proteins renders cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, docetaxel, and bortezomib) and radiotherapy.
“The resultant upregulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant proteins renders cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, docetaxel, and bortezomib) and radiotherapy [47,161,165,178,179,180,181,182,183,184].”
From Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [47]
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“NRF2 promotes the detoxification of carcinogens to limit deleterious mutations that initiate 50 cancer(4-7) and NRF2 activators are being explored as chemopreventative agents (8-10).”
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- Authors
- Ramos-Gomez, M., Kwak, M.-K., Dolan, P. M., Itoh, K., Yamamoto, M., Talalay, P., & Kensler, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205; and Center for TARA, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2001-03-13
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3410-3415
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC30667
- OpenAlex
- W2124524961
- Cited by
- 1,102
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 16.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
- National Institutes of Health (5p01ca044530-13)
- National Cancer Institute (CA 44530, CA 39416, R01CA039416)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Keywords
- Nrf2, antioxidant response element, phase II enzymes, chemoprotection, oltipraz, glutathione S-transferase, NQO1, benzo[a]pyrene, stomach neoplasms, enzyme inducers, Nrf2-deficient mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Benzo(a)pyrene, Carcinogens, Cell Nucleus, Disease Models, Animal, Disease Susceptibility, DNA-Binding Proteins, Epoxide Hydrolases, Female, Genotype, Glutathione Transferase, Mice, Inbred ICR, NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases, Pyrazines, Stomach Neoplasms, Thiones, Thiophenes, Glucuronosyltransferase, Carcinogenicity Tests, Trans-Activators, Gene Expression, Anticarcinogenic Agents, Mice, Knockout, FMN Reductase, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, Mice
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