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Robust self-replication of combinatorial information via crystal growth and scission
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Understanding how a simple chemical system can accurately replicate combinatorial information, such as a sequence, is an important question for both the study of life in the universe and for the development of evolutionary molecular design techniques. During biological sequence replication, a nucleic acid polymer serves as a template for the enzyme-catalyzed assembly of a complementary sequence. Enzymes then separate the template and complement before the next round of replication. Attempts to understand how replication could occur more simply, such as without enzymes, have largely focused on developing minimal versions of this replication process. Here we describe how a different mechanism, crystal growth and scission, can accurately replicate chemical sequences without enzymes. Crystal growth propagates a sequence of bits while mechanically-induced scission creates new growth fronts. Together, these processes exponentially increase the number of crystal sequences. In the system we describe, sequences are arrangements of DNA tile monomers within ribbon-shaped crystals. 99.98% of bits are copied correctly and 78% of 4-bit sequences are correct after two generations; roughly 40 sequence copies are made per growth front per generation. In principle, this process is accurate enough for 1,000-fold replication of 4-bit sequences with 50% yield, replication of longer sequences, and Darwinian evolution. We thus demonstrate that neither enzymes nor covalent bond formation are required for robust chemical sequence replication. The form of the replicated information is also compatible with the replication and evolution of a wide class of materials with precise nanoscale geometry such as plasmonic nanostructures or heterogeneous protein assemblies.
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“There are examples of DNA origami that undergo self-replication based on growth and division processes analogous to those of membrane systems (Schulman et al. 2012).”
From Protocells and RNA Self-Replication (2018) · cites this paper as Schulman et al. 2012
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schulman, R., Yurke, B., & Winfree, E.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Boise State University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-04-09
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 6405-6410
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3340064
- OpenAlex
- W2070783600
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Scholar Works (Boise State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0832824)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California Berkeley
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Theoretical Computer Science › DNA and Biological Computing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Keywords
- DNA tile self-assembly, crystal growth, data replication, DNA origami, plasmonic nanostructures
- MeSH terms
- Crystallization, DNA, DNA Replication, Evolution, Molecular, Biocatalysis
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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