The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost
Open accessAbstract
Neuroscientists have become used to a number of “facts” about the human brain: It has 100 billion neurons and 10- to 50-fold more glial cells; it is the largest-than-expected for its body among primates and mammals in general, and therefore the most cognitively able; it consumes an outstanding 20% of the total body energy budget despite representing only 2% of body mass because of an increased metabolic need of its neurons; and it is endowed with an overdeveloped cerebral cortex, the largest compared with brain size. These facts led to the widespread notion that the human brain is literally extraordinary: an outlier among mammalian brains, defying evolutionary rules that apply to other species, with a uniqueness seemingly necessary to justify the superior cognitive abilities of humans over mammals with even larger brains. These facts, with deep implications for neurophysiology and evolutionary biology, are not grounded on solid evidence or sound assumptions, however. Our recent development of a method that allows rapid and reliable quantification of the numbers of cells that compose the whole brain has provided a means to verify these facts. Here, I review this recent evidence and argue that, with 86 billion neurons and just as many nonneuronal cells, the human brain is a scaled-up primate brain in its cellular composition and metabolic cost, with a relatively enlarged cerebral cortex that does not have a relatively larger number of brain neurons yet is remarkable in its cognitive abilities and metabolism simply because of its extremely large number of neurons.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Our neural network parameters represent a computational analog to biological neural capacity, directly reflecting the studies showing strong correlations between brain volume and total neuron count across species, humans, and mice brains (68–70).”
From What if eye...? Computationally recreating vision evolution (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“During much of evolutionary history, when food scarcity and caloric deprivation was a major evolutionary pressure, mechanisms evolved to minimize muscle size and thus decrease non-essential energy expenditure42,44,55.”
From GDF8 and activin A blockade protects against GLP-1–induced muscle loss while enhancing fat loss in obese male mice and non-human primates (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“minimizing muscle mass during caloric restriction can substantially reduce energy expenditure, thus sparing energy for the maintenance of other more critical organ systems42–44.”
From GDF8 and activin A blockade protects against GLP-1–induced muscle loss while enhancing fat loss in obese male mice and non-human primates (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Beyond identifiable causes, a large part of phenotype variability across patients with the same ABCD1 genotype may “simply” be due to stochasticity, a factor hitherto considered “noise” by Cartesian researchers.”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Brain evolution may often be driven by adaptive changes in cellular composition or molecular expression within conserved structures4–6.”
From Innovations present in the primate interneuron repertoire (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“The cortical reorganization hypothesis suggests that selection for absolutely larger brains-and concomitant cortical reorganization-was the predominant mechanism supporting cognitive evolution (77, 91, 100-106, 120).”
From The evolution of self-control. (2014) · cites this paper as [105]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks
Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30918 · Cited by 43,060
(1982) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(82)90076-5 · Cited by 9,150
An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain
Attwell, D., & Laughlin, S. B. (2001) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200110000-00001 · Cited by 3,543
Henry, M. A. (1995) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1995.0108 · Cited by 3,454
Specification of Cerebral Cortical Areas
Rakic, P. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3291116 · Cited by 3,127 · cited 1×
“Cortical expansion is commonly envisioned as occurring laterally, through the increase of the number of progenitor cells in the subventricular zone and the consequent addition of radial columns containing a constant number of neurons across species (38).”
BackgroundScaling: Why is Animal Size so Important?
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1984) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139167826 · Cited by 2,677
Scaling Why is animal size so important?
Schmidt‐Nielsen, K. (1984) · Cited by 2,654
Azevedo, F. A. C., Carvalho, L. R. B., Grinberg, L. T., Farfel, J. M., Ferretti, R. E. L., Leite, R. E. P., Filho, W. J., Lent, R., & Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2009) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21974 · Cited by 2,337
Self-citationThe expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution
Aiello, L. C., & Wheeler, P. (1995) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/204350 · Cited by 2,291
Kleiber, M. (1932) · Hilgardia · doi:10.3733/hilg.v06n11p315 · Cited by 2,222
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- GC Conroy Primate Evolution (WW Norton, New York, 1990).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 724
Kim, E., Figueiredo, I., Simmons, C., Randall, K., Gonzalez, L. R., Wood, T., Ranieri, B., Sureda-Gibert, P., Howes, O. D., Pariante, C. M., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.517484
Timmerman, R. (2022) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1603
Ardesch, D. J. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.22
Tool Use by New Caledonian Crows Can Inform Cognitive Archaeology
Fairlie, J., & Uomini, N. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192895950.013.26
Konsman, J. P., & Straub, R. H. (2023) · Masterclass in neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21358-8_13
Holmes, S. A. (2023) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07395-3_4
The cell: cell microenvironment and cell handling
Ganguin, A. A., Aleandri, S., & Luciani, P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822482-3.00002-6
Uleru, G., Hulea, M. G., & Manta, V. (2022) · Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din Iaşi. Secţia Electrotehnică. Energetică. Electronică · doi:10.2478/bipie-2022-0012
Boltzmann Brain Probability – a Biological Solution for Cosmology, Physics and PhilosophyPreprint
Ashrafian, H. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/9kspr
Beyond the shortest path—diffusion-based routing strategies
Chung, A. W. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85280-7.00014-2
Schirmer, M. D., Arichi, T., & Chung, A. W. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85280-7.00021-x
Neuropeptidergic regulation of locomotion inhibition in C. elegans
der Auwera, P. V. (2023) · Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) · doi:10.21248/gups.73497
Brain mechanisms of reversible symbolic reference: a potential singularity of the human brainPreprint
van Kerkoerle, T., Pape, L., Ekramnia, M., Feng, X., Tasserie, J., Dupont, M., Li, X., Jarraya, B., Vanduffel, W., Dehaene, S., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87380.1
Glass, M. R., Stein, J. L., & Anton, E. S. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119860914.ch25
Multidimensional Brain-Brain and Brain-Computer InterfacesPreprint
Foster, P. P., Boriek, A. M., Chhikara, R. S., & Castriotta, R. J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4563800
The Achilles Heel of Artificial Intelligence
Premaratne, U. K., & Halgamuge, S. K. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42430-4_32
Unit 5 Lesson: A Very Brief Introduction to Neuroimaging
Specht, K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42323-9_15
Karl, A., & Ried-Wöhrle, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68012-4_10
Secondary microglia formation center in the human fetal brainPreprint
Song, C., Chen, X., Ji, R., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Gao, L., He, Q., Ma, L., & Saiyin, H. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.29.582659
Nieves, D. (2024) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5242-7.ch012
Regulation of Synaptic Transmission through Mitochondrial Positioning and Metabolism
Li, S., & Sheng, Z. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190932183.013.13 · Cited by 1
Ultrahigh Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Model-Based Neuroscience
Priovoulos, N., de Oliveira, I. A. F., van der Zwaag, W., & Bazin, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45271-0_7
Molecular genetic mechanisms of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease
Calame, D. G., Marafi, D., & Lupski, J. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99417-0.00009-4
Coolidge, F. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190940942.002.0005
Coolidge, F. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190940942.002.0006
Coolidge, F. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190940942.002.0003
Coolidge, F. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190940942.002.0007
Boraud, T. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198824367.005.0002
Introduction to the French Edition
Boraud, T. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198824367.002.0006
Boraud, T. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198824367.005.0001
Boraud, T. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198824367.002.0003
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0004
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0008
Bjorklund, D. F. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066864.002.0007
Comparative Analysis of Human-Chimpanzee Divergence in Brain Connectivity and its Genetic CorrelatesPreprint
Wang, Y., Cheng, L., Li, D., Lu, Y., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Gao, C., Wang, H., Vanduffel, W., Hopkins, W. D., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.03.597252
Cognition of Time and Thinking Beyond
Bi, Z. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60183-5_10
van Kerkoerle, T., Pape, L., Ekramnia, M., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87380.2.sa1
van Kerkoerle, T., Pape, L., Ekramnia, M., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87380.2.sa3
van Kerkoerle, T., Pape, L., Ekramnia, M., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87380.2.sa2
Do Animals Have Consciousness?
Huber, L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60803-2_10
The minimal computational substrate of fluid intelligence
Nelson, A., Mole, J. A., Pombo, G., Gray, R., Ruffle, J. K., Chan, E., Rees, G. E., Lisa Cipolotti, A., & Nachev, P. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.003
Ströckens, F., & Amunts, K. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197676592.003.0002
Neuropsychologie du vieillissement normal et des syndromes démentiels
Gil, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-78570-2.00023-x · Cited by 1
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.002.0004
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0001
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0014
Whitehouse, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.002.0006
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0013
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0015
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.002.0008
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.002.0007
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0006
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0011
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0007
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0002
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0003
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0008
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0012
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0009
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0010
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0004
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.003.0005
Howard, G. C. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Howard, G. C. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197664797.002.0003
The aging brain, mitochondria, and neurodegenerative disorders
Amin, S. N., Alhanaktah, B., Mohd, O. B., & ShamsEldeen, A. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15702-8.00003-8
Goncerzewicz, A., Bonda-Ostaszewska, E., Lipiec, M. A., Knapska, E., & Konarzewski, M. (2025) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2024.0617
Approaching Brain Levels of Organization with Computational Neuroscience
Borges, F. S., & Pena, R. (2025) · Premier journal of science. · doi:10.70389/pjs.100071
Gregory, T. R., Taylor-Bragge, R. L., McLachlan, A., Bird, M. Y., & Perreault, M. L. (2025) · Developments in neuroethics and bioethics · doi:10.1016/bs.dnb.2025.02.002
Goff, J., Khalifa, M., Short, S. M., van der Graaf, P. H., & Geerts, H. (2025) · CPT Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/psp4.70035
Hater, T., Courson, J., Lu, H., Diaz-Pier, S., & Manos, T. (2025) · PubMed · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.16861 · Cited by 1
Wybo, W. A. M., Ewert, L., Linssen, C., Babu, P. N., Pastorelli, E., Paolucci, P. S., & Morrison, A. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.662287
Sean Sanders DVM, P. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394245642.ch2
Sun, W. Y., Sun, J.-Y., & Kong, X. (2025) · Life Metabolism · doi:10.1093/lifemeta/loaf029
Monson, T. A., & McBride, J. (2024) · doi:10.64628/aai.75qmrfs3r
Your big brain makes you human – count your neurons when you count your blessings
Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2019) · The Conversation · doi:10.64628/aai.mskuyxh5g
Self-citationRepurposing model organisms in neuroscience: What is the purpose?
Kaplan, D. M. (2025) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-025-09999-9
Genomic basis of human-specific brain features
Mosti, F., & Silver, D. L. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27380-3.00062-2
Foundations of AI in Modern Neuroscience
Rudroff, T. (2025) · Neurocultural health and wellbeing · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11596-6_1
Balanced and Efficient Spiking Neural Networks
Stadtmann, T., Paeßens, J., & Gemmeke, T. (2025) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228267
Teaching developmental neurobiology with inclusion and valuing of neurodivergent learners
Verma, I., Duncan, R. K., Miller, H. L., & Uhler, M. D. (2025) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.007 · Cited by 1
Neurological aging and neurodegenerative disease in humans and great apes
Edler, M. K., Hearn, C. J., Guevara, E. E., Mhatre‐Winters, I., Varghese, M., Freire‐Cobo, C., Sherwood, C. C., Richardson, J. R., Raghanti, M. A., & Hof, P. R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27380-3.00074-9
Avin, S., Currie, A., & Montgomery, S. H. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14570474
Deng, Z., Addiego, F. M., Liu, Y., & Striem-Amit, E. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693253
Ōhashi, T., Harada, T., Namekata, K., Shinmei, Y., Fujiya, A., Yoshida, M., & Kojima, T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-33346-3
Quantification of the neuropathology of alcohol use disorder using tissue microarrays
Liu, J., Catanzariti, M. J., Nguyen-Hao, H.-T., Novelli, M. G., Maskey, D., Smith, C. C., Stevens, J., Hofer, M. J., de la Monte, S. M., & Sutherland, G. T. (2025) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlaf147
Iuditskaia, M. E., Semina, E. V., Pankratova, E. D., Kurinnaia, O. S., Guldan, E. V., Abasov, E. H., Iourov, I. Y., & Chaika, Y. A. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-76092-w
Why Are Pitfalls Inevitable in a Ph.D.?
Getu, T. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06784-5_2
The Neuropedagogical Perspective on Play in Early Childhood
GÜNEŞ, L. C., & Durualp, E. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3581-0.ch008
Cajal’s Neuron Doctrine: 1898–
(2026) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837679690-00540
Minding the gap between artificial and biological computing paradigms for biologically loyal AI
Kirkpatrick, K. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2025.1695493
Cellular scaling laws in the mammalian brain
Chen, F., & Macosko, E. Z. (2026) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2026.08.044
Wei, Z., Zhou, X., Li, B., Gu, J., Ge, L., Tang, F., Lin, M., & Jin, Y. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115222
AI-driven innovations in neuroscience: Rewiring precision drug design for neurological disorders
Ali, A. M., Almuqdadi, H. T. A., Hindi, A. A., Murshidy, M. K., Qazi, S., Temur, A. A., Razooqi, N. F., Murshedi, G. H. M. A., & Waheed, M. S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44430-2.00021-9
Schmitz, M. T., Ding, J. W., Nolbrant, S., McMullen, R., Kim, C. N., Pavlovic, B. J., Nowakowski, T. J., Bakken, T. E., Ye, C., & Pollen, A. A. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109659.1
Schmitz, M. T., Ding, J. W., Nolbrant, S., McMullen, R., Kim, C. N., Pavlovic, B. J., Nowakowski, T. J., Bakken, T. E., Ye, C., & Pollen, A. A. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109659
Neural signatures of conciousness abolition and recovery from coma
Malagurski, B. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1dfd4f0bz7891z4e42za9c3zd417a29f243c
Metadata
- Authors
- Herculano-Houzel, S.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia/Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia, 04023-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-06-22
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- supplement_1
- Pages
- 10661-10668
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3386878
- OpenAlex
- W1966084915
- Semantic Scholar
- 65f9d025887298541bab310b071635e4588d2b68
- Cited by
- 726
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- human brain, primate brain, brain scaling, brain size, brain energy metabolism, brain energy consumption, cerebral cortex, neuron number, glial cells, brain evolution, cognitive ability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Biological Evolution, Humans, Nerve Net, Neuroglia, Neurons, Primates
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
