Cited by 1,523Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife

Open access

Meier, Madeline H., Caspi, Avshalom, Ambler, Antony, Harrington, HonaLee, Houts, Renate, Keefe, Richard S. E., McDonald, Kay, Ward, Aimee, Poulton, Richie, Moffitt, Terrie E.·2012·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1206820109PMC PMC3479587

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Recent reports show that fewer adolescents believe that regular cannabis use is harmful to health. Concomitantly, adolescents are initiating cannabis use at younger ages, and more adolescents are using cannabis on a daily basis. The purpose of the present study was to test the association between persistent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline and determine whether decline is concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Participants were members of the Dunedin Study, a prospective study of a birth cohort of 1,037 individuals followed from birth (1972/1973) to age 38 y. Cannabis use was ascertained in interviews at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38 y. Neuropsychological testing was conducted at age 13 y, before initiation of cannabis use, and again at age 38 y, after a pattern of persistent cannabis use had developed. Persistent cannabis use was associated with neuropsychological decline broadly across domains of functioning, even after controlling for years of education. Informants also reported noticing more cognitive problems for persistent cannabis users. Impairment was concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users, with more persistent use associated with greater decline. Further, cessation of cannabis use did not fully restore neuropsychological functioning among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Findings are suggestive of a neurotoxic effect of cannabis on the adolescent brain and highlight the importance of prevention and policy efforts targeting adolescents.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1206820109

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Depression and quality of life in older persons: A review
Sivertsen, H., Bjørkløf, G. H., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., & Helvik, A.-S. (2015) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000437299 · Cited by 14,152
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
A power primer.
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2003) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1037/e560352009-001 · Cited by 6,930
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its History, Characteristics, and Validity
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219
The Neuropsychological Assessment
Ogden, J. A. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195171358.003.0002 · Cited by 4,382
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952644.n478 · Cited by 2,017

Show all 59 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

10.1038/nrn2253 · DOI
10.1001/jama.1996.03530310027028 · DOI
N Solowij, N Pesa, [Cognitive abnormalities and cannabis use]. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 32, S31–S40 (2010).
10.1177/026988110401800407 · DOI
LN Robins, L Cottler, KK Bucholz, W Compton Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (Washington Univ School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 1995).
D Wechsler Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (Psychological Corporation, New York, 1974).
D Wechsler Wechsler Memory Scale (Psychological Corporation, 3rd Ed, San Antonio, TX, 1997).
; Army Individual Test Battery Manual and Directions for Scoring (War Department, Adjutant General’s Office, Washington, DC, 1944).
MD Lezak Neuropsychological Assessment (Oxford Univ Press, 4th Ed, New York, 2004).
10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,000

Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment
Borus, J. S., Parhami, I., & Levy, S. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.05.001 · Cited by 23
Association of Marijuana Use with Changes in Cognitive Processing Speed and Flexibility for 17 Years in HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Men
Okafor, C. N., Plankey, M. W., Li, M. J., Chen, X., Surkan, P. J., SHOPTAW, S. J., Martin, E. M., Cohen, R. A., Sacktor, N. C., & Cook, R. L. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1495736 · Cited by 24
“However, marijuana use has been associated with decline in cognitive function (Auer et al., 2016; Grant, Gonzalez, Carey, Natarajan, & Wolfson, 2003; Meier et al., 2012; Ranganathan & D’Souza, 2006).”
Background
Disrupted parahippocampal and midbrain function underlie slower verbal learning in adolescent-onset regular cannabis use
Blest‐Hopley, G., O’Neill, A., Wilson, R. P., Giampietro, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05407-9 · Cited by 25
Contrast sensitivity and motion discrimination in cannabis users
Mikulskaya, E., & Martin, F. H. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4944-2 · Cited by 23
Marijuana Use Impacts Cognitive Interference: An fMRI Investigation in Young Adults Performing the Counting Stroop Task
Hatchard, T. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000197 · Cited by 23
Chronic Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol during Adolescence Differentially Modulates Striatal CB1 Receptor Expression and the Acute and Chronic Effects on Learning in Adult Rats
Weed, P. F., Filipeanu, C. M., Ketchum, M. J., & Winsauer, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.115.227181 · Cited by 23
“Along with these epidemiologic data are data indicating that marijuana use during adolescence may result in long-lasting changes in the brain or behavior (Ehrenreich et al., 1999; Wilson et al., 2000; Pope et al., 2003; Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Medical Marijuana Legalization and Co-use in Adult Cigarette Smokers
Wang, J. B., & Cataldo, J. K. (2016) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.40.2.5 · Cited by 23
Parents as interventionists: Addressing adolescent substance use
Botzet, A. M., Dittel, C., Birkeland, R. W., Lee, S. S., Grabowski, J. G., & Winters, K. C. (2019) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.01.015 · Cited by 27
Effectiveness evaluation of the school-based drug prevention program #Tamojunto2.0: protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial
Sanchez, Z. M., Valente, J. Y., Pereira, A. P. D., Cogo‐Moreira, H., Melo, M. H. D. S., Caetano, S. C., & Mari, J. D. J. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7090-9 · Cited by 23
Functional effects of cannabinoids during dopaminergic specification of human neural precursors derived from induced pluripotent stem cells
Stanslowsky, N., Jahn, K., Venneri, A., Naujock, M., Haase, A., Martin, U., Frieling, H., & Wegner, F. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12394 · Cited by 22
“In adolescent consumers cognitive impairments appear to be more persistent although only mild to moderate deficits were found (Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Deterring driving under the influence of cannabis
Huestis, M. A. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13041 · Cited by 23
Persistent sexually dimorphic effects of adolescent THC exposure on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and episodic memory in rodents
Le, A. A., Quintanilla, J., Amani, M., Piomelli, D., Lynch, G., & Gall, C. M. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105565 · Cited by 22
The Use of Motivational Interviewing in Conjunction With Adapted Dialectical Behavior Therapy to Treat Synthetic Cannabis Use Disorder
Dietz, A. R., & Dunn, M. E. (2014) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650114521496 · Cited by 22
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: Separating the chemicals from the “weed,” a pharmacodynamic discussion
Boggs, D. L., Peckham, A. M., Boggs, A. A., & Ranganathan, M. (2016) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.11.277 · Cited by 24
“found almost a 10-point decrease in IQ with chronic cannabis use starting in adolescents.(20) The most”
Background
Does smoking cause lower educational attainment and general cognitive ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs
Gage, S. H., Sallis, H., Lassi, G., Wootton, R. E., Mokrysz, C., Smith, G. D., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003402 · Cited by 25
“For example, cannabis is related to poorer overall learning and impaired memory (31-33).”
A preliminary risk prediction model for cannabis use disorder
Rajapaksha, R. M. D. S., Hammonds, R., Filbey, F. M., Choudhary, P. K., & Biswas, S. (2020) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101228 · Cited by 24
“With more than 200 million users of cannabis worldwide, its harmful health effects have become a serious global problem (Colizzi et al., 2020; Gunn et al., 2016; Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Explainable machine learning analysis reveals sex and gender differences in the phenotypic and neurobiological markers of Cannabis Use Disorder
Niklason, G. R., Rawls, E., Ma, S., Kummerfeld, E., Maxwell, A. M., Brucar, L. R., Drossel, G., & Zilverstand, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19804-2 · Cited by 23
The Impact of Cannabis Use on Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Clinical Outcomes Amidst Changing State Policies
Ross, J. A., & Levy, S. (2023) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.03.009 · Cited by 22
The Observed Longitudinal Relationship between Future Orientation and Substance Use Among a Cohort of Youth with Serious Criminal Offenses
Brooks, M. J., Miller, E. P., Abebe, K. Z., & Mulvey, E. P. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1441311 · Cited by 22
“For example, chronic exposure to multiple substances shows sustained decreased cognition in adolescents (Gould, 2010; Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Brief interventions for cannabis use in emerging adults: protocol for a systematic review, meta-analysis, and evidence map
Halladay, J. E., Petker, T. D., Fein, A. J., Munn, C., & MacKillop, J. M. (2018) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0772-z · Cited by 23
Cannabis: The never-ending, nefarious nepenthe of the 21st century: What should the clinician know?
Greydanus, D. E., Kaplan, G., Baxter, L. E., Patel, D. R., & Feucht, C. L. (2015) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2015.01.004 · Cited by 22
Perceived friends’ use as a risk factor for marijuana use across young adulthood.
Patrick, M. E., Kloska, D. D., Vasilenko, S. A., & Lanza, S. T. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000215 · Cited by 21
Secondhand marijuana exposure in a convenience sample of young children in New York City
Sangmo, L., Braune, T., Liu, B., Wang, L., Zhang, L., Sosnoff, C. S., Blount, B. C., & Wilson, K. M. (2020) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-020-0958-7 · Cited by 20
Associations of cannabis use disorder with cognition, brain structure, and brain function in African Americans
Koenis, M. M. G., Durnez, J., Rodrigue, A., Mathias, S. R., Alexander‐Bloch, A. F., Barrett, J. A., Doucet, G. E., Frangou, S., Knowles, E. E. M., Mollon, J., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25324 · Cited by 21
“…that individuals at risk for substance abuse could have cognitive vulnerabilities before onset of cannabis use (Jackson et al., 2016; Meier et al., 2018; Ross et al., 2019), although there is also evidence from a longitudinal study for cognitive effects after persistent use (Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Autism and associated disorders: cannabis as a potential therapy
Babayeva, M., Assefa, H., Basu, P., & Loewy, Z. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.31083/j.fbe1401001 · Cited by 27
“Further, termination of cannabis use did not fully restore neuropsychological functioning among adolescent-onset cannabis users [173].”
Background
Factors associated with cannabis use in early adolescence
Wellman, R. J., O’Loughlin, E. K., Sylvestre, M., Dugas, E. N., & O’Loughlin, J. L. (2023) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.43.1.02 · Cited by 21
Age at onset of schizophrenia: Cannabis, COMT gene, and their interactions
Sousa, K. R. D., Tiwari, A. K., Giuffra, D. E., Mackenzie, B. E., Zai, C. C. H., & Kennedy, J. L. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.037 · Cited by 21
“These findings may have important implications for educating the public, and in particular, counseling young people regarding cannabis use (Arseneault et al., 2004; Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Memory Impairment in HIV-Infected Individuals with Early and Late Initiation of Regular Marijuana Use
Skalski, L. M., Towe, S. L., Sikkema, K. J., & Meade, C. S. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1898-z · Cited by 21
“This cutoff of age 18 was previously used in the Dunedin Study birth cohort study and found to predict broad decline in cognitive functioning [31].”
Marijuana and head and neck cancer: An epidemiological review
Xie, M., Gupta, M. K., Archibald, S. D., Jackson, B. S., Young, J. E. M., & Zhang, H. (2018) · Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1186/s40463-018-0319-2 · Cited by 21
Approach to cannabis use disorder in primary care: focus on youth and other high-risk users.
Turner, S. D., Spithoff, S. M., & Kahan, M. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20
Predictors of Patterns of Alcohol-Related Blackouts Over Time in Youth From the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism: The Roles of Genetics and Cannabis
Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., Shafir, A., Clausen, P., Danko, G. P., Gonçalves, P. D., Anthenelli, R. M., Chan, G., Samuel Kuperman, C., Hesselbrock, M. N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.39 · Cited by 21
“Cannabis by itself diminishes anterograde memory, potentially via impaired hippocampal activity (Batalla et al., 2013; Grant et al., 2003; Meier et al., 2012; Ranganathan & D’Souza, 2006; Solowij et al., 2002; Volkow et al., 2014).”
Background
Cannabinoid disruption of learning mechanisms involved in reward processingPreprint
Lupica, C. R., & Hoffman, A. F. (2018) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.046748.117 · Cited by 23
“Long-term cognitive deficits have been observed following repeated use of cannabis in some human studies (Bolla et al. 2002; Lundqvist 2005;Meier et al. 2012), but this has not been supported by other investigations (Pope et al. 1995; Crean et al. 2011).”
Background
Cannabis use and human retina: The path for the study of brain synaptic transmission dysfunctions in cannabis users
Schwitzer, T., Schwan, R., Angioï-Duprez, K., Lalanne, L., Giersch, A., & Laprévote, V. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.001 · Cited by 20
The endocannabinoid system: Novel targets for treating cancer induced bone pain
Sun, J., Zhou, Y., Chen, S., Wang, X., Xu, B., Li, D., Tian, Y., & Ye, D. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109504 · Cited by 19
MARIJUANA TAXATION AND IMPERFECT COMPETITION
Mace, C., Patel, E. S., & Seegert, N. (2020) · National Tax Journal · doi:10.17310/ntj.2020.2.08 · Cited by 20
“Marijuana and health concerns Negative health effects Meier et al. (2012), Zalesky et al. (2012), Gates, Jaffe, and Copeland (2014), Volkow et al. (2014)”
Influential
Consumer perceptions of legal cannabis products in Canada, 2019–2021: a repeat cross-sectional study
Wadsworth, E., Fataar, F., Goodman, S. E., Smith, D. M., Renard, J., Gabrys, R. L., Jesseman, R., & Hammond, D. G. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14492-z · Cited by 25
Prevalence and association of non-medical cannabis use with post-procedural healthcare utilisation in patients undergoing surgery or interventional procedures: a retrospective cohort study
Ahrens, E., Wachtendorf, L. J., Chiarella, L. S., Ashrafian, S., Suleiman, A., Tartler, T. M., Azizi, B. A., Chen, G., Berger, A. A., Shay, D., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101831 · Cited by 20
Prevalence and determinants of resistance to use drugs among adolescents who had an opportunity to use drugs
Lopez‐Quintero, C., & Neumark, Y. D. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.015 · Cited by 21
Triple Comorbid Trajectories of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use as Predictors of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Urban Adults
Brook, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Rubenstone, E., Brook, D. W., & Finch, S. J. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.301880 · Cited by 20
Intergenerational consequences of adolescent substance use: Patterns of homotypic and heterotypic continuity.
Nadel, E. L., & Thornberry, T. P. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000248 · Cited by 22
Codevelopment Between Key Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Disorder From Adolescence Through Young Adulthood
Samek, D. R., Hicks, B. M., Durbin, E., Hinnant, J. B., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12311 · Cited by 22
Out of harm's way: Secure versus insecure–disorganized attachment predicts less adolescent risk taking related to childhood poverty
Delker, B. C., Bernstein, R. E., & Laurent, H. K. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000621 · Cited by 22
“In addition, although the relation between adolescent substance use and academic performance is complex (King, Meehan, Trim, & Chassin, 2006), research generally suggests deleterious effects (e.g., Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Association between increased retinal background noise and co-occurrent regular cannabis and alcohol use
Lucas, A. M., Thirion, A., Schwan, R., Krieg, J., Angioï-Duprez, K., Laprévote, V., & Schwitzer, T. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.002 · Cited by 20
“Cooccurrence of alcohol consumption in regular consumers of cannabis is common (Meier et al., 2012).”
Influence of the type of childhood violence on cannabis abuse and dependence among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Martı́nez-Mota, L., Jiménez-Rubio, G., Hernández-Hernández, O. T., & Páez-Martı́nez, N. (2018) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.1050 · Cited by 20
Trends in Cannabis Treatment Admissions in Adolescents/Young Adults: Analysis of TEDS-A 1992 to 2016
Standeven, L. R., Scialli, A. C., Chisolm, M. S., & Terplan, M. (2020) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000586 · Cited by 20
Experts' perspectives on the role of medical marijuana in oncology: A semistructured interview study
Braun, I. M., Meyer, F. L., Gagne, J. J., Nabati, L., Yuppa, D. P., Carmona, M. A., Burstein, H. J., Suzuki, J., Nayak, M. M., & Martins, Y. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4365 · Cited by 20
Effects of Marijuana Policy on Children and Adolescents
Levy, S. (2013) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.2270 · Cited by 20
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor-sensitive neurodevelopmental processes and trajectories
Tseng, K. Y., & Molla, H. M. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03057-2 · Cited by 20
“Long-lasting cognitive dysregulation observed in EEG electroencephalography, P300 component of EEG event related potential, P postnatal day. regular cannabis users within the adolescent population include attention de ﬁ cits and impairments in executive function [135, 143].”
Comparing Substance Use and School-Based Stressors Among Black and Latinx Transgender Youth and Peers With Shared Minoritized Identities
Vance, S. R., Boyer, C. B., Glidden, D. V., & Sevelius, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.08.029 · Cited by 22
“The potential negative effects of substance use on adolescent neurocognitive function have been well-documented [4,5].”
Background
Motivation Precedes Goal Setting in Prediction of Cannabis Treatment Outcomes in Adolescents
Spinola, S., Park, A., Maisto, S. A., & Chung, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2016.1237917 · Cited by 19
“KEYWORDS adolescents; goal setting; marijuana use; treatment outcomes Adolescent cannabis use is associated with a range of negative health consequences (Bryan, Schmiege, & Magnan, 2012; Dougherty et al., 2013; Harvey, Sellman, Porter, & Frampton, 2007; Meier et al., 2012).”
Understanding the Impact of National and State Medical Marijuana Policies on Adolescents
Chadi, N., Weitzman, E. R., & Levy, S. (2018) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-018-0191-1 · Cited by 20
Priming primary care providers to engage in evidence-based discussions about cannabis with patients
Kansagara, D. L., Becker, W. C., Ayers, C. K., & Tetrault, J. M. (2019) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-019-0171-3 · Cited by 23
Vaping while high: Factors associated with vaping marijuana among youth in the United States
Taleb, Z. B., Kalan, M. E., Bahelah, R. A., Boateng, G. O., Rahman, M., & Alshbool, F. Z. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108290 · Cited by 19
Medical Cannabis in Oncology: a Valuable Unappreciated Remedy or an Undesirable Risk?
Abu-Amna, M., Salti, T., Khoury, M., Cohen, I., & Bar‐Sela, G. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11864-020-00811-2 · Cited by 20
Drug law reform, performativity and the politics of childhood
Flacks, S. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.10.003 · Cited by 18
“19 20 Studies have found that persistent use of cannabis may be associated with neuropsychological decline and changes to brain structure (Meier et al. 2012; Gilman et al. 2014; Crane et al., 2013), and that early-onset use is a risk factor for later substance use disorders (Behrendt et al.”
Background
The Neurocognitive Effects of Cannabis Across the Lifespan
Ellingson, J. M., Hinckley, J. D., Ross, J. M., Schacht, J. P., Bidwell, L. C., Bryan, A. D., Hopfer, C. J., Riggs, P., & Hutchison, K. E. (2021) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-021-00244-7 · Cited by 20
Brief Intervention Impact on Truant Youths' Marijuana Use: Eighteen-Month Follow-Up
Dembo, R., Briones-Robinson, R., Schmeidler, J., Wareham, J., Ungaro, R. A., Winters, K. C., Karas, L. M., Wothke, W., & Belenko, S. R. (2015) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2013.872068 · Cited by 19
“…to inform the public of the harmful effects of marijuana use in adolescence on later neuropsychological functioning, delaying the onset of cannabis use until adulthood, and fostering cessation of marijuana use, especially among youths beginning use of the drug in adolescence (Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Cannabis, psychosis and the thalamus: A theoretical review
Vukadinovic, Z., Herman, M., & Rosenzweig, I. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.013 · Cited by 18
“In this context, it is important that a recent longitudinal study by Meier et al. (2012) found that adolescent-onset cannabis use was associated with marked long-term cognitive decline.”
Background
Protecting Prohibition
Månsson, J., & Ekendahl, M. (2015) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/0091450915599348 · Cited by 18
“This large-scale follow-up of living conditions and physical/mental properties of a sample of New Zealanders is characterized as key evidence that cannabis use impairs IQ (Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Cannabis use history and characteristics of quit attempts: A comparison study of treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking cannabis users.
Pacek, L. R., & Vandrey, R. G. (2014) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0037791 · Cited by 18
Public Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Adolescent Marijuana Use
Resko, S. M. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244013518055 · Cited by 18
“1,000 people, for example, found individuals who used marijuana heavily in adolescence and continued through adulthood showed a significant drop in IQ between the ages of 13 and 38 (Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Reversal Learning Deficits in Criminal Offenders: Effects of Psychopathy, Substance use, and Childhood Maltreatment History
Dargis, M. A., Wolf, R. C., & Koenigs, M. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9574-6 · Cited by 18
“Given previous work on the relationship between neuropsychological performance and substance abuse (e.g., Grant et al. 2012; Meier et al. 2012; Stavro et al. 2013), it is somewhat surprising that we did not observe a significant relationship between substance use and reversal learning performance…”
Patterns of marijuana and tobacco use associated with suboptimal self-rated health among US adult ever users of marijuana
Tsai, J. H., Rolle, I., Singh, T., Boulet, S. L., McAfee, T. A., & Grant, A. M. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.014 · Cited by 18
“, 2012), impaired memory and neuropsychological decline (Meier et al., 2012; Riba et al., 2015), psychosis (Di Forti et al.”
Maternal Cannabis Use During a Child's Lifetime Associated With Earlier Initiation
Sokol, N. A., Okechukwu, C. A., Chen, J. T., Subramanian, S. V., & Rees, V. W. (2018) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.06.023 · Cited by 19
Neurocognitive effects of cannabis: Lessons learned from human experimental studies
Colizzi, M., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2018) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.010 · Cited by 19
Spatial localization of retinal anomalies in regular cannabis users: The relevance of the multifocal electroretinogram
Schwitzer, T., Henrion, M.-L., Sarre, D., Albuisson, É., Angioï-Duprez, K., Giersch, A., Lalanne, L., Schwan, R., & Laprévote, V. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.013 · Cited by 19
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY IMPLICATES CHRNA2 IN CANNABIS USE DISORDER
Demontis, D., Rajagopal, V. M., Als, T. D., Grove, J., Pallesen, J., Hjorthøj, C., Qvist, P., Christensen, J., Bybjerg‐Grauholm, J., Bækvad‐Hansen, M., et al. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.008 · Cited by 18
Prevalence of cannabis use has significantly increased in patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome
Siddiqui, M. T., Bilal, M., Singh, A., Cabrera, S. O., Lebovics, E., Schorr‐Lesnick, B., Dworkin, B. M., & Kirby, D. F. (2020) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.13806 · Cited by 18
Reciprocal Influences of HIV and Cannabinoids on the Brain and Cognitive Function
Towe, S. L., Meade, C. S., Cloak, C. C., Bell, R. P., Baptiste, J., & Chang, L. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-020-09921-y · Cited by 18
“…regular cannabis use was associated with broad neuropsychological decline over time, particularly among early initiators (people who began using cannabis before 18 years of age), and that cessation of use did not lead to fully restored cognitive function among early initiators (Meier et al. 2012).”
Background
Vape shop owners’/managers’ attitudes about CBD, THC, and marijuana legal markets
Berg, C. J., Getachew, B., Pulvers, K. M., Sussman, S. Y., Wagener, T. L., Meyers, C., Park, A., Dorvil, S., Patterson, A., Weber, A. A., et al. (2020) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101208 · Cited by 18
“…Academies of Sciences E, and Medicine, 2017; Cohen et al., 2019; Meier et al., 2016; Auer et al., 2016; Volkow et al., 2014; Epstein et al., 2015; Meier, 2012; Toumbourou et al., 2007; Tucker et al., 2005; Crane et al., 2013; Ramaekers et al., 2006; , Johnston, 2016; Monitoring the Future.,…”
Background
Does Chronic Cannabis Use Impact Risky Decision-Making: An Examination of fMRI Activation and Effective Connectivity?
Raymond, D. R., Paneto, A., Yoder, K. K., O’Donnell, B. F., Brown, J. W., Hetrick, W. P., & Newman, S. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599256 · Cited by 22
Naturalistic exploratory study of the associations of substance use on ADHD outcomes and function
MacDonald, B., & Sadek, J. R. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03263-6 · Cited by 24
Marijuana use and major depressive disorder are additively associated with reduced verbal learning and altered cortical thickness
Radoman, M., Hoeppner, S. S., Schuster, R. M., Evins, A. E., & Gilman, J. M. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00704-4 · Cited by 18
Introduction to the special issue: Substance use and the adolescent brain: Developmental impacts, interventions, and longitudinal outcomes
Luciana, M. M., & Ewing, S. W. F. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.005 · Cited by 22
What to make of cannabis and cognition in MS: In search of clarity amidst the haze
Feinstein, A., Banwell, E., & Pavisian, B. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458515607652 · Cited by 17
Early Initiation of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS) Use Associated with Lowered Cognitive Performance among Individuals with Co-Occurring Opioid and ATS Use Disorders in Malaysia
Chooi, W.-T., Zaharim, N. M., Desrosiers, A., Ahmad, I., Yasin, M. A. M., Jaapar, S. Z. S., Schottenfeld, R. S., Vicknasingam, B. K., & Chawarski, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1342152 · Cited by 16
“…age 18 had reduced verbal IQ (Pope Jr. et al. 2003); those who initiated use before age 16 performed worse on tasks engaging executive functions (Meier et al. 2012); those who initiated use before age 15 exhibited poorer sustained attention, cognitive inhibition, and abstract reasoning (Fontes…”
Method
Logics of Legitimation in Swedish Treatment for Youth Cannabis Use
Ekendahl, M., Karlsson, P., & Månsson, J. (2018) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/0091450918764128 · Cited by 17
“Some research suggests that cannabis use is correlated with adverse health effects among young people (Meier et al., 2012) and that low-risk perceptions in this group are related to cannabis use (Andersson, Miller, Beck, & Chomynova, 2009; Bachman, Johnson, & O’Malley, 1998; Chomynova, Miller, &…”
Background
Effects of chronic cannabinoid exposure during adolescence on reward preference and mPFC activation in adulthood
Jacobs-Brichford, E., Manson, K. F., & Roitman, J. D. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.12.006 · Cited by 17
“, 2011), increased cognitive impairment (Meier et al., 2012), and heightened risk of psychosis or schizophrenia in individuals with a predisposition (Caspi et al.”
Background
Cognitive reserve as a moderator of outcomes in five clusters of first episode psychosis patients: a 10-year follow-up study of the PAFIP cohort
Ayesa‐Arriola, R., de la Foz, V. O., Murillo‐García, N., Vázquez-Bourgón, J., Juncal‐Ruíz, M., Gómez‐Revuelta, M., Suárez‐Pinilla, P., Setién‐Suero, E., & Crespo‐Facorro, B. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003536 · Cited by 17
“As stated by Meier et al. (2012), based on their results observed in the prospective study conducted with the Dunedin cohort, cannabis could have a remarkable neurotoxic effect on the adolescent brain.”
An Interpretable and Predictive Connectivity-Based Neural Signature for Chronic Cannabis Use
Kulkarni, K. R., Schafer, M., Berner, L. A., Fiore, V. G., Heflin, M., Hutchison, K. E., Calhoun, V. D., Filbey, F. M., Pandey, G. S., Schiller, D., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.04.009 · Cited by 17
Cannabis use and neurocognitive performance at 13–14 Years-Old: Optimizing assessment with hair toxicology in the Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study
Wade, N. E., Wallace, A. L., Huestis, M. A., Lisdahl, K. M., Sullivan, R. M., & Tapert, S. F. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107930 · Cited by 19
Cannabis Use and Cognitive Functioning Across the Lifespan
Meier, M. H., Olive, M. F., Jenks, O. A., & Wernik, S. R. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00571-1 · Cited by 20
“Work from one of us on the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, which followed a representative birth cohort from childhood to midlife, suggested that it is long-term use from adolescence onward that is most strongly associated with cognitive decline [64].”
InfluentialSelf-citation
No additive effect of cannabis on cognition in schizophrenia
Power, B., Dragović, M., Badcock, J. C., Morgan, V. A., Castle, D. J., Jablensky, A. V., & Stefanis, N. C. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.026 · Cited by 18
“Studies in healthy individuals suggest that persistent cannabis use beginning in adolescence is prospectively associated with global cognitive decline, with more severe and prolonged neuropsychological impairment in those who use cannabis earlier, more frequently and for prolonged periods (Bolla et al., 2002; Messinis…”
Influential
Psychometric assessment of the marijuana adolescent problem inventory
Knapp, A. A., Babbin, S. F., Budney, A. J., Walker, D. D., Stephens, R. S., Scherer, E. A., & Stanger, C. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.013 · Cited by 17
“For example, a recent longitudinal study detected relations between persistent adolescent cannabis use and neuropsychological impairment in adulthood, suggesting persistent use during the developmental period of adolescence may have negative consequences on neurodevelopment (Meier et al., 2012).”
Background
Age of onset of Cannabis use and cognitive function in first-episode non-affective psychosis patients: Outcome at three-year follow-up
Setién‐Suero, E., Martínez‐García, O., de la Foz, V. O., Vázquez-Bourgón, J., Correa‐Ghisays, P., Ferro, A., Crespo‐Facorro, B., & Ayesa‐Arriola, R. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.036 · Cited by 17
Genotype–environment correlation by intervention effects underlying middle childhood peer rejection and associations with adolescent marijuana use
Elam, K. K., Clifford, S., Ruof, A., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., & Lemery‐Chalfant, K. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001066 · Cited by 20
“Identifying developmental pathways to adolescent marijuana use is important based on increases in marijuana use with legalization and evidence that early chronic marijuana use can adversely affect cognitive functioning across the lifespan (Meier et al., 2012; Volkow et al., 2016).”
Background
The association between the five-factor model of personality and problem cannabis use: A meta-analysis
Winters, A. M., Malouff, J. M., & Schutte, N. S. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111635 · Cited by 20
Cannabis Use and Parenting Practices among Young People: The Impact of Parenting Styles, Parental Cannabis-Specific Rules, and Parental Cannabis Use
Kokotovič, K. O., Pšunder, M., & Kirbiš, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138080 · Cited by 17
“Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of dropping out of secondary school, not enrolling in university, failing to attain a degree, and other adverse adolescent outcomes [2,8,10,11,13,76].”
Background
HIV-Related Neurocognitive Disorders and Drugs of Abuse: Mired in Confound, Surrounded by Risk
Kennedy, C. A., & Zerbo, E. A. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0028-5 · Cited by 17
Forensic Assessment of Adults Reporting Childhood Sexualized Assault: Risk, Resilience, and Impacts
Barnes, R., & Josefowitz, N. (2014) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-014-9184-0 · Cited by 18
Trying to remember: Effort mediates the relationship between frequency of cannabis use and memory performance
Hirst, R. B., Young, K. R., Sodos, L. M., Wickham, R. E., & Earleywine, M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1237617 · Cited by 17
Adolescent Exposure to the Synthetic Cannabinoid WIN 55212-2 Modifies Cocaine Withdrawal Symptoms in Adult Mice
Aguilar, M. A., Ledesma, J., Rodríguez‐Arias, M., Penalva, C., Manzanedo, C., Miñarro, J., & Arenas, M. C. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18061326 · Cited by 17
Cannabis for the Treatment of Chronic Pain in the Era of an Opioid Epidemic: A Symposium-Based Review of Sociomedical Science
Maher, D. P., Carr, D. B., Hill, K. P., McGeeney, B. E., Weed, V. F., Jackson, W., DiBenedetto, D. J., Moriarty, E. M., & Kulich, R. J. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnx143 · Cited by 16
Adolescence effortful control as a mediator between family ecology and problematic substance use in early adulthood: A 16-year prospective study
Mun, C. J., Dishion, T. J., Tein, J., & Otten, R. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001742 · Cited by 17
“…psychosocial problems, including psychosis, neurocognitive decline, sexually transmitted diseases, dropout from school, legal issues, and loss of educational and occupational aspirations (Budney, Roffman, Stephens, & Walker, 2007; Di Forti et al., 2012; Meier et al., 2012; Rubino & Parolaro, 2016).”
Background
Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Identify Mechanisms of Change: An Application From a Pharmacotherapy Trial With Adolescent Cannabis Users
Padovano, H. T., & Miranda, R. (2018) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2018.79.190 · Cited by 18
“Cannabis misuse among youth is potentially damaging to long-term health (Crean et al., 2011; Meier et al., 2012; Volkow et al., 2014); yet, the majority of youth who receive treatment will not show lasting reductions in use (Bender et al., 2011; Davis et al., 2015).”
Background
Cannabis Associated “High” Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: Marijuana Smoke Like Tobacco Smoke? A Déjà Vu/Déjà Vécu Story?
Manolis, T. A., Manolis, A. S., & Manolis, A. S. (2018) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557518666181114113947 · Cited by 17
Pharmacotherapies for Cannabis Use Disorders: Clinical Challenges and Promising Therapeutic Agents
Nielsen, S., Sabioni, P., Gowing, L., & Foll, B. L. (2019) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2019_258 · Cited by 17
Cannabis and the adolescent brain
Shen, H. H. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1920325116 · Cited by 17
Patterns of recreational cannabis use in Aotearoa‐New Zealand and their consequences: evidence to inform voters in the 2020 referendum
Poulton, R., Robertson, K., Boden, J. M., Horwood, L. J., Theodore, R. F., Potiki, T., & Ambler, A. P. (2020) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2020.1750435 · Cited by 17
“…researchers have recommended that prevention and policy-making should concentrate on delaying the onset of cannabis use until adulthood and that education programmes should be used to target adolescents with messages about how cannabis can affect their brain development (Meier et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Vaping medical marijuana
Singh, D., & Lippmann, S. (2017) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2018.1413281 · Cited by 17
“Neurological and psychological functioning declines among marijuana users, especially if started at a young age; [16] a higher decrement is documented in frequent consumers [16].”
Background

Authors: Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E., McDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
King's College London (GB)
University of Otago (NZ)
ORCID: Meier, Madeline H.
Caspi, Avshalom
Ambler, Antony
Houts, Renate
Keefe, Richard S. E.
Ward, Aimee
Poulton, Richie
Moffitt, Terrie E.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2012-08-27
Volume: 109
Issue: 40
Pages: E2657-64
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206820109
PMC: PMC3479587
OpenAlex: W2153739923
Cited by: 1,523
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 130 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 80.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Jacobs Foundation (AG032282)
Medical Research Council (MR/K00381X, MR/K00381X/1, AG032282, G0100527)
National Institute on Aging (AG-032282, R01AG032282)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-077874, R01MH077874)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA023026)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD065563, R24HD065563)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: cannabis use, neuropsychological decline, cognitive impairment, adolescent brain development, neurotoxicity, cannabis cessation, Dunedin Study, birth cohort
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Marijuana Smoking, Mental Processes, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Cohort Studies, Least-Squares Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks