Cited by 1,523Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

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Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife

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Meier, Madeline H., Caspi, Avshalom, Ambler, Antony, Harrington, HonaLee, Houts, Renate, Keefe, Richard S. E., McDonald, Kay, Ward, Aimee, Poulton, Richie, Moffitt, Terrie E.·2012·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1206820109PMC PMC3479587

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Abstract

Recent reports show that fewer adolescents believe that regular cannabis use is harmful to health. Concomitantly, adolescents are initiating cannabis use at younger ages, and more adolescents are using cannabis on a daily basis. The purpose of the present study was to test the association between persistent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline and determine whether decline is concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Participants were members of the Dunedin Study, a prospective study of a birth cohort of 1,037 individuals followed from birth (1972/1973) to age 38 y. Cannabis use was ascertained in interviews at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38 y. Neuropsychological testing was conducted at age 13 y, before initiation of cannabis use, and again at age 38 y, after a pattern of persistent cannabis use had developed. Persistent cannabis use was associated with neuropsychological decline broadly across domains of functioning, even after controlling for years of education. Informants also reported noticing more cognitive problems for persistent cannabis users. Impairment was concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users, with more persistent use associated with greater decline. Further, cessation of cannabis use did not fully restore neuropsychological functioning among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Findings are suggestive of a neurotoxic effect of cannabis on the adolescent brain and highlight the importance of prevention and policy efforts targeting adolescents.

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“In a prospective cohort study of 10 individuals from birth to age 38, cannabis was linked to drop in IQ even after accounting for years of education.(39) Adolescents with CF have additional unique risks to cognitive development secondary to direct CF‐related pathophysiology and malnutrition.”
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“This prediction is based on prior research that indicates that longer duration of cannabis use is associated with greater neuropsychological decline [45].”
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“…(CDC, 2018; Hall & Degenhardt, 2009; NIDA, 2018) and mental health (CDC, 2018; Hall & Degenhardt, 2009; NIDA, 2018; Shrivastava et al., 2011) and cognitive development and function (CDC, 2018; Filbey et al., 2014; Hall & Degenhardt, 2009; Meier et al., 2012; NIDA, 2018; Shrivastava et al., 2011).”
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“…as previously reported, cannabis use characteristics have been associated with cognitive performance, such as age of onset of consumption (e.g., Meier et al., 2012; Solowij et al., 2011) or lifetime cannabis use (e.g., Lisdahl Medina, Schweinburg, Cohen-Zion, et al., 2007), thus, we expect to…”
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“There are neurophysiological effects from persistent cannabis use in youth as adolescent-onset users have a greater cognitive decline than adult-onset users [18].”
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An Overview: Prevalence of Cannabis Abuse in India
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Dopamine challenge reveals neuroadaptive changes in marijuana abusers
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Cannabis, a potential treatment option in pediatric IBD? Still a long way to go
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“Cessation of cannabis use for 1 year does not result in full recovery of neurocognitive functioning, especially when cannabis abuse was started in adolescence [30,31].”
Background

Authors: Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E., McDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
King's College London (GB)
University of Otago (NZ)
ORCID: Meier, Madeline H.
Caspi, Avshalom
Ambler, Antony
Houts, Renate
Keefe, Richard S. E.
Ward, Aimee
Poulton, Richie
Moffitt, Terrie E.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2012-08-27
Volume: 109
Issue: 40
Pages: E2657-64
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206820109
PMC: PMC3479587
OpenAlex: W2153739923
Cited by: 1,523
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 48 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 152 · 2015: 130 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 80.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Jacobs Foundation (AG032282)
Medical Research Council (MR/K00381X, MR/K00381X/1, AG032282, G0100527)
National Institute on Aging (AG-032282, R01AG032282)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-077874, R01MH077874)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA023026)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD065563, R24HD065563)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: cannabis use, neuropsychological decline, cognitive impairment, adolescent brain development, neurotoxicity, cannabis cessation, Dunedin Study, birth cohort
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Marijuana Smoking, Mental Processes, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Cohort Studies, Least-Squares Analysis

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Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife

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