Cited by 761Urban Green Space and HealthAsthma and respiratory diseasesGut microbiota and health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health

Open access

Rook, Graham A.·2013·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1313731110PMC PMC3831972

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Epidemiological studies suggest that living close to the natural environment is associated with long-term health benefits including reduced death rates, reduced cardiovascular disease, and reduced psychiatric problems. This is often attributed to psychological mechanisms, boosted by exercise, social interactions, and sunlight. Compared with urban environments, exposure to green spaces does indeed trigger rapid psychological, physiological, and endocrinological effects. However, there is little evidence that these rapid transient effects cause long-term health benefits or even that they are a specific property of natural environments. Meanwhile, the illnesses that are increasing in high-income countries are associated with failing immunoregulation and poorly regulated inflammatory responses, manifested as chronically raised C-reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines. This failure of immunoregulation is partly attributable to a lack of exposure to organisms (“Old Friends”) from mankind’s evolutionary past that needed to be tolerated and therefore evolved roles in driving immunoregulatory mechanisms. Some Old Friends (such as helminths and infections picked up at birth that established carrier states) are almost eliminated from the urban environment. This increases our dependence on Old Friends derived from our mothers, other people, animals, and the environment. It is suggested that the requirement for microbial input from the environment to drive immunoregulation is a major component of the beneficial effect of green space, and a neglected ecosystem service that is essential for our well-being. This insight will allow green spaces to be designed to optimize health benefits and will provide impetus from health systems for the preservation of ecosystem biodiversity.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1313731110

Cites

134 of 134 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins
Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., Sogin, M. L., Jones, W. J., Roe, B. A., Affourtit, J. P., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07540 · Cited by 7,823
Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa
De Filippo, C., Cavalieri, D., Di Paola, M., Ramazzotti, M., Poullet, J. B., Massart, S., Collini, S., Pieraccini, G., & Lionetti, P. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005963107 · Cited by 5,579
The rhizosphere microbiome and plant health
Berendsen, R. L., Pieterse, C. M. J., & Bakker, P. A. H. M. (2012) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.04.001 · Cited by 5,347
View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery
Ulrich, R. S. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6143402 · Cited by 5,341
The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease
Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2515 · Cited by 5,029
Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Indigenous Clostridium Species
Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Shima, T., Imaoka, A., Kuwahara, T., Momose, Y., Cheng, G., Yamasaki, S., Saito, T., Ohba, Y., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198469 · Cited by 3,752
Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly
Claesson, M. J., Jeffery, I. B., Conde, S., Power, S. E., O’Connor, E. M., Cusack, S., Harris, H. M. B., Coakley, M., Lakshminarayanan, B., O’Sullivan, O., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11319 · Cited by 3,314
Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis.
Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181907c1b · Cited by 2,766
The Effect of Infections on Susceptibility to Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases
Bach, J. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra020100 · Cited by 2,723
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Sadler, B., & Dalal-Clayton, B. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849772631-19 · Cited by 2,625

Show all 135 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

10.1016/S0002-9270(99)00494-3 · DOI
10.1080/02770900903114572 · DOI
CH Blackley Experimental Researches on the Causes and Nature of Catarrhus aestivus (Hay-Fever and Hay-Asthma) (Baillière Tindall and Cox, London, 1873).

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 761

Using patterns of shared taxa to infer bacterial dispersal in human living environment in urban and rural areas
Grönroos, M., Jumpponen, A., Roslund, M. I., Nurminen, N., Oikarinen, S., Parajuli, A., Laitinen, O. H., Cinek, O., Kramná, L., Rajaniemi, J., et al. (2024) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00903-24 · Cited by 9
Human Interaction with the Natural Environment: The POETICAS Model as a Framework for Understanding and Praxis in Late Modernity
Burns, T. J., Hekmatpour, P., & Speer, K. C. (2018) · International Journal of Environment and Climate Change · doi:10.9734/ijecc/2018/v8i327171 · Cited by 10
Better Forests, Better Cities
Wilson, S. J., Juno, E., Pool, J.-R., Ray, S., Phillips, M., Francisco, S., & McCallum, S. (2022) · doi:10.46830/wrirpt.19.00013 · Cited by 12
The Natural-Built Distinction in Environmental Preference and Restoration: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Explanations
den Berg, A. E. V. (2021) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69020-5_3 · Cited by 12
A physical/psychological and biological stress combine to enhance endoplasmic reticulum stress
Mondal, T. K., Emeny, R. T., Gao, D., Ault, J. G., Kasten‐Jolly, J., & Lawrence, D. A. (2015) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.013 · Cited by 10
Urban and transport planning related exposures and mortality: a health impact assessment for cities
Mueller, N., Rojas‐Rueda, D., Basagaña, X., Cirach, M., Cole‐Hunter, T., Dadvand, P., Donaire-González, D., Foraster, M., Gascón, M., Martinez, D. R., et al. (2016) · ISEE Conference Abstracts · doi:10.1289/isee.2016.3554 · Cited by 10
Ecological Dynamics and Microbial Treatments against Oomycete Plant Pathogens
Sullam, K. E., & Musa, T. (2021) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants10122697 · Cited by 9
Greenspace Morphology and Preterm Birth: A State-Wide Study in Georgia, United States (2001–2016)
Wang, H., Huang, X., Hao, H., & Chang, H. H. (2024) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp14571 · Cited by 9
Live long in nature and long live nature!
van den Bosch, M. A. (2017) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30122-5 · Cited by 10
Melinacidin-Producing Acrostalagmus luteoalbus, a Major Constituent of Mixed Mycobiota Contaminating Insulation Material in an Outdoor Wall
Andersson, A., Salo, J. M., Mikkola, R., Marik, T., Kredics, L., Kurnitski, J., & Salonen, H. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10070843 · Cited by 9
Fermented Vegetables as a Potential Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Garnås, E. (2023) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100039 · Cited by 11
Different greenness exposure in Europe and respiratory outcomes in youths. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Squillacioti, G., Fasola, S., Ghelli, F., Colombi, N., Pandolfo, A., Grutta, S. L., Viegi, G., & Bono, R. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.118166 · Cited by 11
How do Protected Areas Contribute to Human Well-Being? Multiple Mechanisms Perceived by Stakeholders in Chile
Zorondo‐Rodríguez, F., Rodríguez‐Gómez, G. B., Fuenzalida, L., Burgos-Ayala, A., Mendoza, K., Diaz, M. J., Cornejo, M., Llanos, J. L., Campos, F., Zamorano, J., et al. (2024) · Human Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10745-024-00486-5 · Cited by 9
Childhood Microbial Experience, Immunoregulation, Inflammation, and Adult Susceptibility to Psychosocial Stressors and Depression
Rook, G. A. W., Raison, C. L., & Lowry, C. A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811073-7.00002-7 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Lost food narratives can grow human health in cities
Ossola, A., Egerer, M., Lin, B. B., Rook, G. A. W., & Setälä, H. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.1977 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
To Transform Cities, Support Civil Society
Frantzeskaki, N., Dumitru, A., Wittmayer, J. M., Avelino, F., & Moore, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.016 · Cited by 10
The Origin and Maintenance of Tuberculosis Is Explained by the Induction of Smear-Negative Disease in the Paleolithic
Cardona, P.-J., Català, M., & Prats, C. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11030366 · Cited by 10
Comparison of the effect of autoclaved and non-autoclaved live soil exposure on the mouse immune system
Kummola, L., González‐Rodríguez, M. I., Marnila, P., Nurminen, N., Salomaa, T., Hiihtola, L., Mäkelä, I., Laitinen, O. H., Hyöty, H., Sinkkonen, A., et al. (2023) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-023-00565-0 · Cited by 10
Microbes, Parasites and Immune Diseases
Sorci, G., Guivier, E., Lippens, C., & Faivre, B. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29716-3_15 · Cited by 11
The impact of lifestyle upon the probability of late bacterial infection after soft-tissue filler augmentation
Marusza, W., Olszański, R., Sierdziński, J., Szyller, K., Ostrowski, T., Gruber-Miazga, J., & Netsvyetayeva, I. (2019) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s200357 · Cited by 9
Framework of ecological infrastructure construction based on landsenses ecology: meeting natural and human needs
Liu, L., Shi, L., Chen, D., Wu, J., Yang, F., Yang, M., Zhao, Y., & Ma, X. (2023) · International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology · doi:10.1080/13504509.2023.2209871 · Cited by 8
Fungal Spore Richness and Abundance of Allergenic Taxa: Comparing a Portable Impactor and Passive Trap Indoors and Outdoors in an Urban Setting
Minahan, N. T., Chen, C., Chuang, Y.-C., Tsai, K., Shen, W.-C., & Guo, Y. L. (2024) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-024-02358-3 · Cited by 8
Urban greenspace types and climate factors jointly drive the microbial community structure and co-occurrence network
Wang, H., Feng, Y., Zhang, Q., Zou, M., Ai, L., Ai, L., & Wang, H. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66588-8 · Cited by 8
Examining associations of air pollution and green space with depressive symptoms in adults: A LongITools cross-cohort analysis
Motoc, I., Ginos, B. N. R., Soares, A. G., Elhakeem, A., Voortman, T., Kavousi, M., Luik, A. I., Roseboom, T. J., & de Rooij, S. R. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120321 · Cited by 8
Associations between environmental air pollution, greenspace and apparent biological aging: a cross-sectional study
Zhao, Y., Yang, X., He, D., Wei, W., Cheng, B., & Zhang, F. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01597-7 · Cited by 8
The association between adverse childhood experiences, neighborhood greenspace, and body mass index: A cross-sectional study
Schroeder, K., Forke, C. M., Noll, J. G., Wheeler, D. C., Henry, K., & Sarwer, D. B. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101915 · Cited by 9
Culturable Airborne Fungi in Downtown Monterrey (Mexico) and Their Correlation with Air Pollution over a 12-Month Period
Fernández-Gracia, M. D., Elizondo-Zertuche, M., Orué, N., Treviño‐Rangel, R. D. J., Rodriguez-Sanchez, I. P., Adame-Rodríguez, J. M., Zapata-Morín, P. A., & Robledo-Leal, E. (2023) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos14060983 · Cited by 8
Greenspace Exposure with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review
Gao, Y., Pan, K., Li, H., & Zhao, B. (2024) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f15040634 · Cited by 9
Association of residential green space with risk of sarcopenia and the role of air pollution: Evidence from UK Biobank
Zhao, X., Wang, J., Wu, Z., Li, H., Li, Z., Liu, Y., Li, X., Guo, X., & Tao, L. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125857 · Cited by 8
The Multiple Benefits of Urban Green—Ecosystem Services Assessment
Grunewald, K., Xie, G., & Wüstemann, H. (2017) · Cities and nature · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58223-8_3 · Cited by 8
Integrative policy development for healthier people and ecosystems: A European case analysis
White, P. C. L., Guégan, J., Keune, H., de Bell, S., Geijzendorffer, I. R., Hermans, T., Prieur‐Richard, A., Iroegbu, C. O., Stone, D., Vanwambeke, S., et al. (2020) · Area · doi:10.1111/area.12618 · Cited by 7
Concurrent allergy and helminthiasis in underprivileged urban South African adults previously residing in rural areas
Mkhize‐Kwitshana, Z. L., Naidoo, P., Nkwanyana, N. M., & Mabaso, M. (2022) · Parasite Immunology · doi:10.1111/pim.12913 · Cited by 8
Early life immune ontogeny – understanding how we build and sustain immunity to infection
Dowling, D. J. (2016) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913916641586 · Cited by 8
Why medical community should take biodiversity loss seriously?
Haahtela, T. (2016) · Porto Biomedical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pbj.2016.10.007 · Cited by 8
Ecology of sleeping: the microbial and arthropod associates of chimpanzee beds
Thoemmes, M. S., Stewart, F. A., Hernandez-Aguilar, R. A., Bertone, M. A., Baltzegar, D. A., Borski, R. J., Cohen, N., Coyle, K. P., Piel, A. K., & Dunn, R. R. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.180382 · Cited by 8
Born to be Wise: a population registry data linkage protocol to assess the impact of modifiable early-life environmental exposures on the health and development of children
van den Bosch, M. A., Brauer, M. D., Burnett, R. T., Davies, H., Davis, Z., Guhn, M., Jarvis, I., Nesbitt, L., Oberlander, T. F., Rugel, E. J., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026954 · Cited by 9
Macroeconomy and Urban Productivity
Cohen, M., & Simet, L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.008 · Cited by 8
Association between greenspace morphology and disability prevalence mediated by physical activity and mental health in Los Angeles city
Xu, W., & Wang, H. (2025) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2025.105419 · Cited by 7
Health benefit contributions and differences of urban green spaces in the neighbourhood, a case study of Beijing, China
Hong, H., Chang, Q., Cheng, K., & Xie, X. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.126538 · Cited by 11
Nature Deficit in the Context of Forests and Human Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Korcz, N. (2025) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f16101537 · Cited by 9
Fungal Spore Richness in School Classrooms is Related to Surrounding Forest in a Season-Dependent Manner
Minahan, N. T., Chen, C., Shen, W.-C., Lu, T., Kallawicha, K., Tsai, K., & Guo, Y. L. (2021) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-021-01844-2 · Cited by 7
Green space exposure and colorectal cancer: A systematic review
Masdor, N. A., Bakar, M. F. A., Hod, R., & Nawi, A. M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15572 · Cited by 7
Assessing eco-geographic influences on COVID-19 transmission: a global analysis
Pan, J., Villalan, A. K., Ni, G., Wu, R., Sui, S., Wu, X., & Wang, X. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62300-y · Cited by 8
The Effect of Short Term Yoga and Tai-Chi Education Exercise on Antioxidant Capacity and Oxidative Stress Measures
Chang, T.-C. (2014) · Studies on Ethno-Medicine · doi:10.1080/09735070.2014.11886467 · Cited by 7
The relationship of the built and food environments with the metabolic syndrome in the Athens metropolitan area: a sex-stratified spatial analysis in the context of the ATTICA epidemiological study
Tsiampalis, T., Faka, A., Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ., Pitsavos, C. S., Chalkias, C., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2021) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-021-00293-3 · Cited by 7
Colliding and interacting microbiomes and microbial communities ‐ consequences for human health
Mills, S., & Ross, R. P. (2021) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15722 · Cited by 6
Temporal change in relationships between urban structure and surface temperature
Stewart, J. D., & Kremer, P. (2022) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083221083677 · Cited by 7
Can Big Data Make a Difference for Urban Management?
Mans, U., Giest, S. N., & Baar, T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.013 · Cited by 7
Theoretical Foundation and Practical Prospect for Urban Rewilding
Hu, S., Jiahui, L. I. U., Xing, S. U., & Baoqin, L. I. (2024) · Landscape Architecture · doi:10.3724/j.fjyl.202402050084 · Cited by 6
Residential greenspace and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark
Zhang, J., Lim, Y.-H., Chen, J., Hyman, S., Cole‐Hunter, T., Tuffier, S., Napolitano, G. M., Bergmann, M. L., Mortensen, L. H., Brandt, J. G., et al. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.109173 · Cited by 6
Birdwatching and birding by ear. : An accessible and inclusive tourism proposal for the city of Lagos.
Rolim, M., Pinto, V., & Rosa, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Accessibility and Design for All · doi:10.17411/jacces.v11i1.316 · Cited by 8
The role of greenspace deprivation in children’s decision-making
Flouri, E., Ji, D., & Roiser, J. P. (2022) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127515 · Cited by 8
Prenatal and early life factors and type 1 diabetes
Abela, A. G., & Fava, S. (2022) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-022-03057-0 · Cited by 9
Helicobacter Pylori infection in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective multicenter study
Dilaghi, E., Felici, E., Lahner, E., Pilozzi, E., Furio, S., Lucchini, L., Quatrale, G., Piccirillo, M., Parisi, P., Curto, S., et al. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04902-z · Cited by 6
Changing patterns of antigen exposure and their impact on the prevalence of allergy
Chang, T. W. (2014) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12297 · Cited by 6
Phenotype diffusion and one health: A proposed framework for investigating the plurality of obesity epidemics across many species
Voss, J. D., Goodson, M. S., & Leon, J. C. (2018) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/zph.12445 · Cited by 7
Out in the Field: Experiential Learning through University–Community Partnerships
Haines, S., & McClure, C. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2055-364120200000023009 · Cited by 6
Harness Urban Complexity for Health and Well-Being
Gatzweiler, F. W., Boufford, J. I., & Pomykała, A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.007 · Cited by 6
Who Can Implement the Sustainable Development Goals in Urban Areas?
Satterthwaite, D. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.037 · Cited by 7
Smart City Governance and Children’s Rights: Perspectives and Findings from Literature on Natural Elements Influencing Children’s Activities Within Public Spaces
Garau, C., Annunziata, A., & Vale, D. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24311-1_11 · Cited by 6
Improving the dialogue between public health and ecosystem science on antimicrobial resistance
Iossa, G., & White, P. C. L. (2021) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.08018 · Cited by 6
Environmental Health Impacts of Natural and Man-Made Chemicals
Moore, M. N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.343 · Cited by 6
Green space is associated with new-onset stroke among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)
Lu, Q., Lian, C., & Chen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1424510 · Cited by 5
Environmental governance shock and industrial intelligence upgrading: Insights from machine-labor substitution
Wan, Y., & Li, Z. (2025) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104102 · Cited by 5
Health and well-being in nature: Analysis of 18,054 visit reports and implications for nature-based biopsychosocial resilience theory (NBRT)
Hampejs, V., Wala, A., Tran, U. S., Pahl, S., Egger, J. A. M., Voracek, M., & White, M. P. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2026.102918 · Cited by 5
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Chinese parents with infants (aged 0–3 years) toward immunity, gut microbiota and biotics: a comprehensive study
Wang, J. P., Liu, N., Chen, Y., You, J., Yang, Y., Jin, Y. C., Sun, G., & Zhou, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1396087 · Cited by 5
Protective effects of Mycobacterium vaccae ATCC 15483 against “Western”-style diet-induced weight gain and visceral adiposity in adolescent male mice
Desmond, L. W., Dawud, L. M., Kessler, L. R., Akonom, T. N., Hunter, E. A. H., Holbrook, E. M., Andersen, N. D., Sterrett, J. D., Boateng, D. A., Stuart, B. J., et al. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.12.029 · Cited by 5
Salutogenic Effects of Greenspace Exposure: An Integrated Biopsychological Perspective on Stress Regulation, Mental and Physical Health in the Urban Population
Varadarajan, S., Herchet, M., Mack, M., Hofmann, M., Bisle, E., Sayer, E. J., & Kolassa, I. (2025) · Open Psychology · doi:10.1515/psych-2024-0003 · Cited by 6
The Evolutionary Determinants of Health Programme: Urban Living in the 21st Century from a Human Evolutionary Perspective
Milne, G. (2015) · Archaeology International · doi:10.5334/ai.1809 · Cited by 5
Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the Microbiota of the Natural Environment. Evolution Turns the Inevitable into a Necessity
Rook, G. A. W. (2021) · Advances in environmental microbiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63512-1_18 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Recreational green spaces as the future for sustainable cities: Case of Karura Forest in Nairobi, Kenya
Shah, P. S., & Irandu, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Sustainability Environment and Peace · doi:10.53537/jsep.2022.06.001 · Cited by 9
Association of SO2/CO exposure and greenness with high blood pressure in children and adolescents: A longitudinal study in China
Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Wei, J., Ma, T., Chen, M., Ma, Q., Liu, J., Wang, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1097510 · Cited by 5
Is there a place for B cells as regulators of immune tolerance in allergic diseases?
Mazer, B. D. (2014) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.12274 · Cited by 5
Effects of poor hygiene on cytokine phenotypes in children in the tropics
Figueiredo, C. A., Amorim, L. D. A. F., Vaca, M. G., Chico, M. E., Campos, A. C. P., Barreto, M. L., & Cooper, P. J. (2016) · World Allergy Organization Journal · doi:10.1186/s40413-016-0124-1 · Cited by 5
In a mental-health care setting, can nature conservation and health priorities align?
Hughes, J., Ruyck, C. D., Emmens, T., Bradbury, R. B., & Jefferson, R. (2019) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2019.1621276 · Cited by 5
Az intestinalis macrophagok és az enteralis idegrendszer szerepe a bél neuroimmunológiai kapcsolataiban. Alapkutatás és klinikai vonatkozások
Dóra, D., Kovács, T., & Nagy, N. (2020) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2020.31685 · Cited by 5
Clinical Application of the Biodiversity Hypothesis in the Management of Allergic Disorders
Haahtela, T. (2022) · Progress in inflammation research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_12 · Cited by 5
Natural land cover positively correlates with COVID-19 health outcomes
Li, C., & Managi, S. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15484-3 · Cited by 5
Child-Nature Interaction in a Forest Preschool
Kahn, P. H., Weiss, T., & Harrington, K. (2018) · Springer international handbooks of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51949-4_33-1 · Cited by 5
Live with Risk While Reducing Vulnerability
Romero‐Lankao, P., Wilhelmi, O. V., & Chester, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316647554.006 · Cited by 5
Seasonality of blood neopterin levels in the Old Order Amish
Mohyuddin, H., Georgiou, P., Wadhawan, A., Daue, M., Brenner, L. A., Gragnoli, C., Saunders, E. F. H., Fuchs, D., Lowry, C. A., & Postolache, T. T. (2017) · Pteridines · doi:10.1515/pterid-2017-0020 · Cited by 5
Ecosystems and human health: towards a conceptual framework for assessing the co-benefits of climate change adaptationPreprint
Martínez-Juárez, P., Chiabai, A., Quiroga, S., & Taylor, T. (2015) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 5
Effects of repeated intragastric administrations with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium aurum DSM 33539 on the stress-induced aggravation of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis in C57BL/6N mice
Langgartner, D., Weiss, A.-L. J., Amoroso, M., Sterrett, J. D., Lowry, C. A., & Reber, S. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1488603 · Cited by 4
Pawsitive impact: How pet contact ameliorates adult inflammatory stress responses in individuals raised in an urban environment
Langgartner, D., Weimer, K., Brunner-Weisser, J., Winkler, R., Mannes, M., Huber-Lang, M. S., Sterrett, J. D., Lowry, C. A., Rohleder, N., Bajrami, B., et al. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.03.013 · Cited by 5
Human responses to nature- and culture-based non-clinical interventions: a systematised review
Fairbrass, A. J., Chatterjee, H. J., Jones, K. E., & Osborn, D. (2020) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913920967036 · Cited by 4
Back to nature: herbal treatment, environmental enrichment, and social play can protect against unpredictable chronic stress in Long-Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Nwachukwu, K., Rhoads, E., Meek, S., & Bardi, M. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05917-5 · Cited by 4
Building a macrosystems ecology framework to identify links between environmental and human health: A random forest modelling approach
Walls, F. N., & McGarvey, D. J. (2022) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10427 · Cited by 4
Impact of evolution on lifestyle in microbiome
González, A., Fullaondo, A., & Odriozola, A. (2024) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.02.003 · Cited by 4
Reduce, reinforce, and replenish: safeguarding the early-life microbiota to reduce intergenerational health disparities
Dai, D. L., Petersen, C., & Turvey, S. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1455503 · Cited by 7
The boreal soil microbiome of different urban green spaces – Do city residents meet different microbes?
Fritze, H., Peltoniemi, K., Pennanen, T., Velmala, S., Hultman, J., Tarvainen, O., Karhu, J., Laurila, M., Korpela, L., & Kangas, K. (2025) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128870 · Cited by 6
The effect of Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis on psychological symptom severity in a sample of clinically diverse males and females
Ganci, M., Butt, H., Tyrrell, J., Suleyman, E., & Ball, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01700-z · Cited by 4
Launching of the Anaemia Research Peruvian Cohort (ARPEC): a multicentre birth cohort project to explore the iron adaptive homeostasis, infant growth and development in three Peruvian regions
Montag, D., Delgado, C., Quispe, C., Wareham, D. W., Gallo, V., Sánchez-Choy, J., Sánchez, V., Anaya, R., Flores, E. C., Roca, L., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045609 · Cited by 4
Effects of Spending Time in the Forest: Current Studies
Schuh, A., & Immich, G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64280-1_4 · Cited by 4
Urban Green Space for Sustainable Environmental Health in Relation to Pandemic Crises
Azhar, A. S. N., Hussain, M. R. M., & Tukiman, I. (2022) · International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability · doi:10.11113/ijbes.v9.n2-2.1029 · Cited by 4
Association of greenness surrounding school with aggression among adolescents: A multi-site study in China
Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xie, X., Lin, X., Huang, M., Fu, H., Zhou, W., Ji, J. S., Yu, Y., & Tang, J. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116529 · Cited by 4
The Influence of the Microbiota on Brain Structure and Function: Implications for Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Sterrett, J. D., Andersen, N. D., & Lowry, C. A. (2022) · Progress in inflammation research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_10 · Cited by 4
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being – Framing Targets to Maximise Co-Benefits for Forests and People
McFarlane, R. A., Barry, J., Cissé, G., Gislason, M., Gruca, M., Higgs, K., Horwitz, P., Nguyen, G. H., O’Sullivan, J., Sahu, S., et al. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108765015.005 · Cited by 4
Ecomindsponge: A novel perspective on human psychology and behaviors in the ecosystemPreprint
Nguyen, M., Le, T.-T., & Vuong, Q. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/sqtyk · Cited by 4
When the Blue Marble Health concept challenges our current understanding of One Health
Combe, M., & Gozlan, R. E. (2024) · One Health · doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100935 · Cited by 3
Residential greenspace and lung function throughout childhood and adolescence in five European birth cohorts. A CADSET initiative
Valencia‐Hernández, C. A., Yu, Z., Gehring, U., Koppelman, G. H., Standl, M., Flexeder, C., Schikowski, T., Kress, S., Melén, E., Gruzieva, O., et al. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109493 · Cited by 4

Authors: Rook, G. A.
Affiliations: National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
Corresponding author: Rook, Graham A.
ORCID: Rook, Graham A.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2013-10-23
Volume: 110
Issue: 46
Pages: 18360-18367
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313731110
PMC: PMC3831972
OpenAlex: W2051692047
Cited by: 760
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 65 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 22
FWCI: 4.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust/Institute of Cancer Research
University College London
National Institutes of Health
Topics: Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords: immune regulation, biodiversity, ecosystem services, green spaces, old friends hypothesis, helminths, microbial exposure, inflammation, C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokines, mental health, cardiovascular disease, green space design, biodiversity conservation
MeSH terms: Environment, Humans, Biodiversity, Adaptive Immunity, Hygiene Hypothesis, Microbiota

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: An ecosystem service essential to health

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks