Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly
Open accessAbstract
Alterations in intestinal microbiota composition are associated with several chronic conditions, including obesity and inflammatory diseases. The microbiota of older people displays greater inter-individual variation than that of younger adults. Here we show that the faecal microbiota composition from 178 elderly subjects formed groups, correlating with residence location in the community, day-hospital, rehabilitation or in long-term residential care. However, clustering of subjects by diet separated them by the same residence location and microbiota groupings. The separation of microbiota composition significantly correlated with measures of frailty, co-morbidity, nutritional status, markers of inflammation and with metabolites in faecal water. The individual microbiota of people in long-stay care was significantly less diverse than that of community dwellers. Loss of community-associated microbiota correlated with increased frailty. Collectively, the data support a relationship between diet, microbiota and health status, and indicate a role for diet-driven microbiota alterations in varying rates of health decline upon ageing.
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Older adults over 65 years exhibit reduced microbiota diversity compared to adults, along with greater inter-individual variation in microbiota composition.
“Older adults (>65 years) exhibit reduced microbiota diversity compared to adults, along with greater inter-individual variation in microbiota composition.182”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [182]
The introductory discussion (p. 5) says that microbiota in people over 65 is highly variable between individuals and differs from younger adults in diversity levels, but it does not say that diversity is lower. The summary (p. 3) explicitly reports greater inter-individual variation; its finding of lower diversity applies to long-stay residents compared with community-dwelling older adults, not to older adults compared with younger adults. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAt both extremes of life, the microbiota is characteristically different from the typical adult gut microbiota in both levels of diversity and representation of specific taxa.
“At both extremes of life, the microbiota is characteristically different from the typical adult gut microbiota in both levels of diversity and representation of specific taxa (Claesson et al., 2012;Salazar et al., 2014;Yatsunenko et al., 2012).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Claesson et al., 2012
The introduction (p. 5) says that older persons’ microbiota differs from younger adults’ in core composition and diversity, supporting the claim about the later extreme of life. The study includes younger adult controls but does not address infants or early-life microbiota, so it does not support the claim about both extremes. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChanges in the aging intestinal microbiota can adversely affect host metabolism and immunity and are associated with development of cardiovascular, autoimmune, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders.
“These changes can adversely affect the host metabolism and immunity [25–27, 40, 64, 86, 110, 112, 118] and are associated with the development of cardiovascular, autoimmune, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders [17, 90, 122, 132].”
From Fecal microbiota transfer between young and aged mice reverses hallmarks of the aging gut, eye, and brain (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In 178 older men and women in Ireland, dietary diversity was significantly associated with improved health parameters, with the low fat/high fibre group having the most diverse diet and microbial profile, and moderate fat/low fibre and high fat/low fibre groups the least.
“They found that dietary diversity was significantly associated with improved health parameters, with the grouping “low fat/high fibre” considered to have the most diverse diet and microbial profile, and “moderate fat/low fibre” and “high fat/low fibre” groupings the least [81].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
The Healthy Food Diversity index (HFD) was positively correlated with three microbiota diversity indices.
“Likewise, the Healthy Food Diversity index (HFD) was shown to be positively correlated with three microbiota diversity indices [81].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
Gut microbiota are affected by environmental factors such as dietary intakes, which may in turn influence blood levels of TMAO and its precursors.
“Fourth, the gut microbiota are affected by environmental factors37, 38 such as dietary intakes,39, 40, 41 which may, in turn, influence blood levels of TMAO and its precursors.4”
From Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Disease Events and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Studies (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
Increased microbial richness at the taxonomic or gene level is associated with diets higher in fruits, vegetables, and fiber.
“A number of studies have associated increased microbial richness, at either the taxonomic or gene level, with diets higher in fruits, vegetables, and fiber42-44.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
In elderly individuals, differences in intestinal microbiota taxonomy are associated with residence environment; the most extreme differences between community residence and long-term residential care are attributed to diet, with community residents consuming more fiber and less fat.
“differences in the taxonomy of the intestinal microbiota were associated with residence in different environments. The most extreme differences were observed in community residence vs long-term residential care, attributed to differences in diet—community residents typically consume diets higher in fiber and lower in fat42.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
Co-abundance groups were associated with health status in elderly individuals, and diets higher in fruits, vegetables, and fiber were linked to lower frailty.
“Co-abundance groups were associated with the health status of elderly individuals—diets higher in fruits, vegetable, and fiber (associated with community residence) were linked to lower levels of frailty.”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
Diet-associated bacterial clades called co-abundance groups included Bacteroides and Prevotella.
“Diet-associated bacterial clades, called “co-abundance groups”, included Bacteroides and Prevotella (Figure 2).”
From Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease (2014) · cites this paper as [42]
There is growing evidence that high fat intake rather than obesity per se had a direct effect on the microbiota and linked clinical parameters.
“there is growing evidence that the high fat intake rather than obesity per se had a direct effect on the microbiota and linked clinical parameters.26”
From The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
Consumption of fibre, fruit and vegetables is associated with greater microbial richness at taxonomic or gene level.
“In addition, several studies have shown an association between consumption of fibre, fruit and vegetables and increased microbial richness, at either taxonomic or gene level.[12][13][14]”
From High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The Prevotella:Bacteroides ratio in these subjects was higher than that reported for elderly Irish, American and Danish adults.
“Remarkably, the Prevotella:Bacteroides ratio in these subjects was higher than reported for elderly Irish subjects, 12 American 11 and Danish adults, 65”
From High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
Several studies, mainly cross-sectional, suggest an association between microbiota composition and frailty, mostly assessed according to the deficit accumulation model.
“However, several studies, mainly with a cross-sectional design, suggest an association between microbiota composition and frailty, mostly assessed according to the deficit accumulation model.”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [114]
Frailty is associated with reduced microbiota biodiversity and lower representation of butyrate-producing bacteria.
“Namely, frailty was associated with reduced microbiota biodiversity, and lower representation of butyrate-producing bacteria.”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [114]
In existing studies centered on older subjects, physical performance was evaluated in the context of frailty, operationalized according to the deficit accumulation model, mostly using the Rockwood Frailty Index.
“Namely, frailty was operationalized in accordance with the deficit accumulation model, and most studies used the Rockwood Frailty Index as the preferred method of assessment, overlooking more specific measures of muscle function or performance [47,114,115,116,117,118,119,120].”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [114]
In large population studies, frailty was associated with reduced biodiversity of the fecal microbiota, partly dependent on different dietary patterns.
“In large population studies conducted on both fit community-dwellers and frail nursing home residents, frailty was associated with reduced biodiversity of the fecal microbiota, that was partly dependent on different dietary patterns [114,115].”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [114]
Studies summarized in Table 2 support the existence of an association between frailty and fecal microbiota composition, though with different characteristics.
“The studies, summarized in Table 2, supported the existence of an association between frailty and fecal microbiota composition, though with different characteristics [47,114,115,116,117,118,119,120].”
From Gut Microbiota, Muscle Mass and Function in Aging: A Focus on Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia (2019) · cites this paper as [114]
Data indicate a narrowing of diversity and distinctive microbiota configurations associated with ageing in long-stay care individuals compared with community dwellers.
“Data indicate a narrowing of diversity and distinctive microbiota configurations associated with ageing in long-stay care individuals compared with that of community dwellers (Claesson et al., 2012;Jeffery et al., 2016).”
From Gut reactions: Breaking down xenobiotic–microbiome interactions (2019) · cites this paper as Claesson et al., 2012
Increasing culture-independent omic-based technologies have facilitated the discovery of novel functional dynamics of microbiota and their relationship with host pathophysiology.
“Increasing culture-independent omic-based technologies such as biomarker sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics have facilitated the discovery of novel functional dynamics of microbiota2, 3, 4, 5 and their relationship with host pathophysiology.6, 7, 8, 9”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
There is greater inter-individual variation in older adults than younger adults (<65 years old) in GM stability.
“Stability begins to decline as we age, and studies suggest that there is greater inter-individual variation in older adults than younger adults (<65 years old) (91, 92)”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [92]
Investigations of age-related changes in gut microbiota describe a bacterial community that is both less diverse and lacking in microorganisms responsible for the production of butyrate, and more abundant in pathogens belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae).
“investigations of age-related changes in gut microbiota describe a bacterial community that is both less diverse and lacking in microorganisms responsible for the production of butyrate (indicative of gastrointestinal health) [15, 84, 98, 99], and more abundant in pathogens belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae) [15, 68, 83].”
From Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis (2018) · cites this paper as [98]
Regular physical activity may help to combat reductions in butyrate-producing microbiota (Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) and Lactobacillus levels that are commonly seen with aging.
“regular physical activity may help to combat reductions in butyrate-producing microbiota (Clostridiales, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae) [102] and Lactobacillus levels [103] that are commonly seen with aging [15, 84, 98].”
From Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis (2018) · cites this paper as [98]
In a larger sample of older adults, community-dwelling elders had more butyrate-producing microbes than those in long-stay residence.
“metagenomics findings in a larger sample of older adults (n = 178; ~ 78 years) [98] demonstrating that community-dwelling elders had more butyrate-producing microbes than those in long-stay residence.”
From Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis (2018) · cites this paper as [98]
Institutionalized elderly had a greater abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia/Shigella, and less gut microbial diversity when compared with community dwellers.
“institutionalized elderly had a greater abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia/Shigella, and less gut microbial diversity when compared with the community dwellers.”
From Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis (2018) · cites this paper as [98]
The more diverse the diet, the more diverse the microbiota, which was linked to improved health and reduced frailty.
“the more diverse the diet, the more diverse the microbiota, which was linked to improved health and reduced frailty”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Claesson et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Claesson, M. J., Jeffery, I. B., Conde, S., Power, S. E., O’Connor, E. M., Cusack, S., Harris, H. M. B., Coakley, M., Lakshminarayanan, B., O’Sullivan, O., Fitzgerald, G. F., Deane, J., O’Connor, M., Harnedy, N., O’Connor, K., O’Mahony, D., van Sinderen, D., Wallace, M., Brennan, L., Stanton, C., Marchesi, J. R., Fitzgerald, A. P., Shanahan, F., Hill, C., Ross, R. P., & O’Toole, P. W.
- Affiliations
- University College Cork (IE)
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- Cork University Hospital (IE)
- South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital (IE)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- O’Toole, Paul W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2012-07-13
- Volume
- 488
- Issue
- 7410
- Pages
- 178-184
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2088170171
- Cited by
- 3,314
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 240 · 2023: 231 · 2022: 322 · 2021: 318 · 2020: 310 · 2019: 278 · 2018: 214 · 2017: 244 · 2016: 220 · 2015: 183 · 2014: 167 · 2013: 158 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 69.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
- Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, older adults, diet, frailty, long-term residential care, community-dwelling older adults, microbiome diversity, inflammation, nutritional status, comorbidities, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Diet, Diet Surveys, Feces, Fruit, Health, Health Status, Health Surveys, Homes for the Aged, Hospitals, Community, Humans, Intestines, Meat, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rehabilitation Centers, Vegetables, Cohort Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Metagenome
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