The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease

Round, June L.; Mazmanian, Sarkis K.

doi:10.1038/nri2515

Cited by 5,029Gut microbiota and healthInflammatory Bowel DiseaseT-cell and B-cell Immunology

The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease

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Round, June L., Mazmanian, Sarkis K.·2009·Nature Reviews Immunology

DOI 10.1038/nri2515PMC PMC4095778

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Abstract

Immunological dysregulation is the cause of many non-infectious human diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. The gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms, both symbiotic and pathogenic. In this Review we discuss findings indicating that developmental aspects of the adaptive immune system are influenced by bacterial colonization of the gut. We also highlight the molecular pathways that mediate host-symbiont interactions that regulate proper immune function. Finally, we present recent evidence to support that disturbances in the bacterial microbiota result in dysregulation of adaptive immune cells, and this may underlie disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. This raises the possibility that the mammalian immune system, which seems to be designed to control microorganisms, is in fact controlled by microorganisms.

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IBD mucosal injury is believed to result from complex interactions among gut microbiome, intestinal mucosa, and immune components.
“which is believed to be caused by complex interactions between gut microbiome (including commensal and pathogenic microbes) (2), intestinal mucosa, and immune components (3).”
From Contributions of microbiome and mechanical deformation to intestinal bacterial overgrowth and inflammation in a human gut-on-a-chip (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
Intestinal microbiota may be an active participant in mucosal immune activation through stimulation of the immune system, likely in the subgroup of subjects showing increased epithelial permeability which could expose the immune system to an abnormal microbial antigenic load.
“Intestinal microbiota may well be an active participant in this scenario through stimulation of the immune system,153 likely in the subgroup of subjects showing increased epithelial permeability which could154 expose the immune system to an abnormal microbial antigenic load.”
From Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report (2013) · cites this paper as [153]
A mutually beneficial relationship between helpful symbionts and commensals is needed for health, and disturbing this balance causes dysbiosis and clinical disease.
“A mutualistic relationship between beneficial symbionts and commensals is important for the maintenance of health and wellbeing; alterations in this balance leads to dysbiosis and ultimately clinical disease expression.1”
From Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease (2010) · cites this paper as [1]
In the gut, greater microbial diversity is associated with protection from inflammation and inflammatory disease.
“Studies suggest that in the gut, greater microbial diversity is associated with protection from inflammation and inflammatory disease[316,317]”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [316]
In the gut, the GM and its metabolites modulate gastrointestinal functions via effects on intestinal permeability, mucosal immune function, intestinal motility and sensitivity, and the ENS.
“In the gut, the GM and its metabolites have been shown to modulate gastrointestinal functions via their effects on intestinal permeability (32–35), mucosal immune function (36–38), intestinal motility and sensitivity (39, 40), and the enteric nervous system (ENS) (21, 24, 25, 41).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [36]

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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
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Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
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Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota
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Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences
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Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota
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Inducible Foxp3 + regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota
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The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition.
Chang, P. V., Hao, L., Offermanns, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1322269111 · Cited by 2,175 · see citing works
Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits
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Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)‐Induced Colitis in Mice
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The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota
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Inflammatory bowel disease
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You are what you eat: Diet, health and the gut microbiota
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Human gut-on-a-chip inhabited by microbial flora that experiences intestinal peristalsis-like motions and flow
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Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication
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The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota
Round, J. L., Lee, S. M., Li, J., Tran, G., Jabri, B., Chatila, T. A., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206095 · Cited by 1,604 · see citing works
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The central nervous system and the gut microbiome
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Gut/brain axis and the microbiota
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Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection
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Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM
Canfora, E. E., Meex, R. C. R., Venema, K., & Blaak, E. E. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0156-z · Cited by 1,493 · see citing works
An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities
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Through Ageing, and Beyond: Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Status in Seniors and Centenarians
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The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome
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The Key Role of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in the Coordinated Maturation of Gut Helper T Cell Responses
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How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota
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Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease
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Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer: mechanisms of action and clinical applications
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The Immune Response in Tuberculosis
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The immune response to Prevotella bacteria in chronic inflammatory disease
Larsen, J. M. (2017) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12760 · Cited by 1,343 · see citing works
Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Lee, Y. K., Menezes, J. S., Umesaki, Y., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000082107 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
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Immunoglobulin A Coating Identifies Colitogenic Bacteria in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Palm, N. W., de Zoete, M. R., Cullen, T. W., Barry, N. A., Stefanowski, J., Hao, L., Degnan, P. H., Hu, J., Peter, I., Zhang, W., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.006 · Cited by 1,286 · see citing works
Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota
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Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis
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Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity
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Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease
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Exploring connections among nature, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health and well-being: Opportunities to enhance health and biodiversity conservation
Sandifer, P. A., Sutton‐Grier, A. E., & Ward, B. (2015) · Ecosystem Services · doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.007 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
The gut microbiota in IBD
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Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome
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Enteric defensins are essential regulators of intestinal microbial ecology
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Immunomicrobial pathogenesis of periodontitis: keystones, pathobionts, and host response
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Has the Microbiota Played a Critical Role in the Evolution of the Adaptive Immune System?
Lee, Y. K., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1195568 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
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Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal γδ T cells
Benakis, C., Brea, D., Caballero, S., Faraco, G., Moore, J., Murphy, M., Sita, G., Racchumi, G., Ling, L., Pamer, E. G., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4068 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome
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Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated
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Authors: Round, J. L., & Mazmanian, S. K.
Affiliations: California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Mazmanian, Sarkis K.
ORCID: Round, June L.
Mazmanian, Sarkis K.
Venue: Nature Reviews Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-05
Volume: 9
Issue: 5
Pages: 313-323
ISSN: 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/nri2515
PMC: PMC4095778
OpenAlex: W2034082915
Cited by: 5,029
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 205 · 2025: 284 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 300 · 2022: 401 · 2021: 423 · 2020: 398 · 2019: 390 · 2018: 395 · 2017: 382 · 2016: 345 · 2015: 262 · 2014: 221 · 2013: 223 · 2012: 177
FWCI: 11.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2009-07-17)
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK078938)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: gut microbiota, intestinal immune response, host-microbe interactions, bacterial colonization, inflammatory bowel disease, immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, symbiotic bacteria, pathogenic bacteria
MeSH terms: Animals, Disease, Health, Homeostasis, Humans, Intestines, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Immune System Phenomena

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The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease

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