The DOI matches its Crossref record; 246 of the 251 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Undocumented water column sink for cadmium in open ocean oxygen-deficient zones
Open accessAbstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a micronutrient and a tracer of biological productivity and circulation in the ocean. The correlation between dissolved Cd and the major algal nutrients in seawater has led to the use of Cd preserved in microfossils to constrain past ocean nutrient distributions. However, linking Cd to marine biological processes requires constraints on marine sources and sinks of Cd. Here, we show a decoupling between Cd and major nutrients within oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs) in both the Northeast Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, which we attribute to Cd sulfide (CdS) precipitation in euxinic microenvironments around sinking biological particles. We find that dissolved Cd correlates well with dissolved phosphate in oxygenated waters, but is depleted compared with phosphate in ODZs. Additionally, suspended particles from the North Atlantic show high Cd content and light Cd stable isotope ratios within the ODZ, indicative of CdS precipitation. Globally, we calculate that CdS precipitation in ODZs is an important, and to our knowledge a previously undocumented marine sink of Cd. Our results suggest that water column oxygen depletion has a substantial impact on Cd biogeochemical cycling, impacting the global relationship between Cd and major nutrients and suggesting that Cd may be a previously unidentified tracer for water column oxygen deficiency on geological timescales. Similar depletions of copper and zinc in the Northeast Pacific indicate that sulfide precipitation in ODZs may also have an influence on the global distribution of other trace metals.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Cd-sulfides have recently been identified as an important sink from oxygen-deficient water columns (Janssen et al., 2014).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Janssen et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
McDonough, W. F., & Sun, S. (1995) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4 · Cited by 14,231
Pearson, R. G. (1963) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00905a001 · Cited by 10,475
Stable isotopes in precipitation
Dansgaard, W. (1964) · Tellus · doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00181.x · Cited by 8,486
Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems
Diaz, R. J., & Rosenberg, R. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1156401 · Cited by 6,626
The composition of the continental crust
Wedepohl, K. H. (1995) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2 · Cited by 6,538
Slater, J. C. (1964) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1725697 · Cited by 2,440
Carbon isotope fractionation in plants
O'Leary, M. H. (1981) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(81)85134-5 · Cited by 2,225
Glacial‐interglacial CO 2 change: The Iron Hypothesis
Martin, J. H. (1990) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/pa005i001p00001 · Cited by 2,101
VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific
Martin, J. H., Knauer, G. A., Karl, D. M., & Broenkow, W. W. (1987) · Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/0198-0149(87)90086-0 · Cited by 2,100
Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Orr, J. C., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P. P., Gehlen, M., Halloran, P. R., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Séférian, R., et al. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013 · Cited by 1,809
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- TM Conway, SG John, Sources of Fe to the North Atlantic: Insights from Fe isotopes. Mineral Mag 77, 912 (2013).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Grégoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garçon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutiérrez, D., Isensee, K., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam7240 · Cited by 3,253
“Cadmium,copper,andzinc form sulfide precipitates in the presence of anoxic or extremely oxygen-deficient waters and sulfides ( 97 ).”
Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution
Robbins, L. J., Lalonde, S. V., Planavsky, N. J., Partin, C. A., Reinhard, C. T., Kendall, B., Scott, C., Hardisty, D. S., Gill, B. C., Alessi, D. S., et al. (2016) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.10.013 · Cited by 227
Metadata
- Authors
- Janssen, D. J., Conway, T. M., John, S. G., Christian, J. R., Kramer, D. I., Pedersen, T. F., & Cullen, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada (CA)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-04-28
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 6888-6893
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4024915
- OpenAlex
- W2090752118
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 251
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 7.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Keywords
- cadmium, oxygen deficient zones, trace metal biogeochemistry, dissolved phosphate, suspended particulate matter, Northeast Pacific, North Atlantic
- MeSH terms
- Cadmium, Marine Biology, Oceanography, Oceans and Seas, Oxygen, Phosphates, Seawater, Trace Elements, Stramenopiles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
