Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems
Abstract
Dead zones in the coastal oceans have spread exponentially since the 1960s and have serious consequences for ecosystem functioning. The formation of dead zones has been exacerbated by the increase in primary production and consequent worldwide coastal eutrophication fueled by riverine runoff of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels. Enhanced primary production results in an accumulation of particulate organic matter, which encourages microbial activity and the consumption of dissolved oxygen in bottom waters. Dead zones have now been reported from more than 400 systems, affecting a total area of more than 245,000 square kilometers, and are probably a key stressor on marine ecosystems.
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Large amounts of organic matter associated with algal blooms can stimulate microbial respiration that depletes dissolved oxygen and produces CO2, promoting hypoxia and acidification.
“Large amounts of organic matter associated with algal blooms can stimulate microbial respiration that depletes dissolved oxygen and produces CO 2 , promoting hypoxia (Fig. 1; Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008;Gilbert et al., 2010;Breitburg et al., 2018) and acidification (Fig. 1; Cai et al., 2011;Waldbusser et al., 2011;Wallace et al., 2014;Baumann et al., 2015).”
From Harmful algal blooms: A climate change co-stressor in marine and freshwater ecosystems (2020) · cites this paper as Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008
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- Authors
- Diaz, R. J., & Rosenberg, R.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
- William & Mary (US)
- ORCID
- Rosenberg, Rutger
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2008-08-15
- Volume
- 321
- Issue
- 5891
- Pages
- 926-929
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2130231032
- Cited by
- 6,626
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 386 · 2025: 396 · 2024: 437 · 2023: 398 · 2022: 414 · 2021: 546 · 2020: 462 · 2019: 419 · 2018: 429 · 2017: 362 · 2016: 371 · 2015: 358 · 2014: 345 · 2013: 321 · 2012: 293
- FWCI
- 11.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- dead zone, coastal hypoxia, eutrophication, primary production, fossil fuel emissions, particulate organic matter, bottom water oxygen depletion, marine ecosystem functioning, ocean anoxia
- MeSH terms
- Anaerobiosis, Animals, Climate, Eutrophication, Fishes, Marine Biology, Oxygen, Seasons, Seawater, Ecosystem, Biomass
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