The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Direct regulation of GAS6/AXL signaling by HIF promotes renal metastasis through SRC and MET
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Here we report a fundamental and previously unknown role for the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL as a direct hypoxia-inducible transcription factor target driving the aggressive phenotype in renal clear cell carcinoma through the regulation of the SRC proto-oncogene nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and the MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase. Of therapeutic relevance, we demonstrate that inactivation of growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6)/AXL signaling using a soluble AXL decoy receptor reversed the invasive and metastatic phenotype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells. Furthermore, we define a pathway by which GAS6/AXL signaling utilizes lateral activation of MET through SRC to maximize cellular invasion. Our data provide an alternative model for SRC and MET activation by GAS6 in ccRCC and identify AXL as a therapeutic target driving the aggressive phenotype in renal clear cell carcinoma.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We recently identified the AXL receptor tyrosine kinase as a novel HIF target driving EMT, invasion, and metastasis in VHL-deficient and hypoxic cancer cells”
From Hypoxic control of metastasis (2016) · cites this paper as [80]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cerami, E., Gao, J., Dogrusoz, U., Gross, B. E., Sumer, S. O., Aksoy, B. A., Jacobsen, A., Byrne, C. J., Heuer, M. L., Larsson, E., et al. (2012) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0095 · Cited by 17,455
Integrative Analysis of Complex Cancer Genomics and Clinical Profiles Using the cBioPortal
Gao, J., Aksoy, B. A., Dogrusoz, U., Dresdner, G., Gross, B., Sumer, S. O., Sun, Y., Jacobsen, A., Sinha, R., Larsson, E., et al. (2013) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2004088 · Cited by 15,160
Jaakkola, P., Mole, D. R., Tian, Y.-M., Wilson, M. I., Gielbert, J., Gaskell, S. J., Kriegsheim, A. V., Hebestreit, H. F., Mukherji, M., Schofield, C. J., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059796 · Cited by 5,535
The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis
Maxwell, P. H., Wiesener, M. S., Chang, G.-W., Clifford, S. C., Vaux, E. C., Cockman, M. E., Wykoff, C. C., Pugh, C. W., Maher, E. R., & Ratcliffe, P. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/20459 · Cited by 5,180
HIFα Targeted for VHL-Mediated Destruction by Proline Hydroxylation: Implications for O 2 Sensing
Ivan, M., Kondo, K., Yang, H., Kim, W., Valiando, J., Ohh, M., Salic, A., Asara, J. M., Lane, W. S., & Kaelin Jr., W. G. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059817 · Cited by 4,735
Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine
Semenza, G. L. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.021 · Cited by 3,645
Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau Disease Tumor Suppressor Gene
Latif, F., Tory, K., Gnarra, J. R., Yao, M., Duh, F.-M. C., Orcutt, M. L., Stackhouse, T. M., Kuzmin, I., Modi, W. S., Geil, L., et al. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8493574 · Cited by 2,971
Purification and Characterization of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1
Wang, G. L., & Semenza, G. L. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.3.1230 · Cited by 2,094
HIF1α and HIF2α: sibling rivalry in hypoxic tumour growth and progression
Keith, B., Johnson, R. S., & Simon, M. C. (2012) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3183 · Cited by 1,693
Activation of the AXL kinase causes resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in lung cancer
Zhang, Z., Lee, J. C., Lin, L., Olivas, V., Au, V., LaFramboise, T., Abdel-Rahman, M., Wang, X., Levine, A. D., Rho, J. K., et al. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2330 · Cited by 1,224
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–271 of 271
Anexelekto (AXL) no more: microRNA-155 (miR-155) controls the “Uncontrolled” in SARS-CoV-2
Papadopoulos, K. I., Papadopoulou, A., & Aw, T. C. (2024) · Human Cell · doi:10.1007/s13577-024-01041-6 · Cited by 9
AlBarakat, M. M., Ahmed, Y. B., Alshwayyat, S., Ellaithy, A., Al-Shammari, Y. Y., Soliman, Y. Y., Rezq, H. S., Abdelazeem, B., & Kunadi, A. R. (2024) · Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings · doi:10.1080/08998280.2024.2363616 · Cited by 6
The Wide Experience of the Sequential Therapy for Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Lambea, J., Anido, U., Etxániz, O., Flores, L. E., Montesa, Á., Sepúlveda-Sánchez, J. M., & Esteban, E. (2016) · Current Oncology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11912-016-0553-6 · Cited by 6
Post-translational modifications of the ligands: Requirement for TAM receptor activation
Geng, K. (2020) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.002 · Cited by 7
Cabozantinib Safety With Different Anticoagulants in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma
Shayeb, A. M., McManus, H. D., Urman, D. S., Jani, C., Zhang, T., Dizman, N., Meza, L., Sivakumar, A., Gan, C. L., Barata, P. C., et al. (2022) · Clinical Genitourinary Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2022.10.013 · Cited by 5
Nakamura, R., Fujii, H., Yamada, T., Matsui, Y., Yaoi, T., Honda, M., Tanaka, N., Miyagawa‐Hayashino, A., Yoshimura, A., Morimoto, K., et al. (2023) · JTO Clinical and Research Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jtocrr.2023.100525 · Cited by 5
Ghimire, K., Awasthi, B. P., Yadav, K., Lee, J., Kim, H., Jeong, B., & Kim, J. (2025) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2025.111393 · Cited by 5
Resistance to Pembrolizumab and Axitinib in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical and Genomic Evaluation
Vlachostergios, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Kidney Cancer and VHL · doi:10.15586/jkcvhl.2020.135 · Cited by 5
A comprehensive analysis of cancer-driving mutations and genes in kidney cancer
Long, C., Jian, J., Li, X., Wang, G., & Wang, J. (2017) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2017.5689 · Cited by 5
Xie, Y., Zhang, Z., Lai, D., Liang, J. H., Zhao, Z., Lu, W., Ke, J., Lin, W., & He, H. (2023) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · doi:10.21037/jgo-23-798 · Cited by 4
Therapeutic Sequencing in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Maia, M. C., Dizman, N., Salgia, M. M., & Pal, S. K. (2017) · Kidney Cancer · doi:10.3233/kca-170006 · Cited by 4
An In Vitro Analysis of TKI-Based Sequence Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines
Zaccagnino, A., Vynnytska‐Myronovska, B., Stöckle, M., & Junker, K. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065648 · Cited by 4
Kim, J. Y., Nam, G., Shin, Y. K., Vilaplana‐Lopera, N., Jeung, H., Moon, E. J., & Lee, I. J. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15061882 · Cited by 4
Mukherjee, S., Suresh, D., Zambre, A. P., Yadavilli, S., Ghoshdastidar, S., Upendran, A., & Kannan, R. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17030490 · Cited by 4
Novel therapeutic options for second-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma
von Klot, C. A. J., Merseburger, A. S., & Kuczyk, M. A. (2016) · Molecular and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.3892/mco.2016.856 · Cited by 4
Spotlight on cabozantinib for previously untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma: evidence to date
Bersanelli, M., Leonardi, F., & Buti, S. (2018) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s160485 · Cited by 4
Gao, H., Chen, W., Pan, G., Liu, H., Qian, J., Tang, W., Wang, W. T., & Qian, S. (2022) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204263 · Cited by 4
Tridente, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809400-6.00021-4 · Cited by 4
Beckermann, K. E., Shah, N. J., Campbell, M. T., Haas, N. B., Nelson, A. A., Ornstein, M. C., Mao, S. S., Keshava-Prasad, H., Hammers, H. J., Gao, X., et al. (2025) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1093/oncolo/oyaf138 · Cited by 3
Botryococcus terribilis Ethanol Extract Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects on Murine RAW264 Cells
Takahashi, S., Ferdousi, F., Yamamoto, S., Hirano, A., Nukaga, S., Nozaki, H., & Isoda, H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076666 · Cited by 4
Domański, P., Jarosińska, J., Kruczyk, B., Piętak, M., Mydlak, A., Demkow, T., Kuncman, Ł., Darewicz, M., Sikora-Kupis, B., Dumnicka, P., et al. (2023) · Współczesna Onkologia · doi:10.5114/wo.2023.133545 · Cited by 3
Breitenecker, K., Heiden, D., Demmer, T., Weber, G., Primorac, A.-M., Hedrich, V., Ortmayr, G., Gruenberger, T., Starlinger, P. P., Herndler‐Brandstetter, D., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25084202 · Cited by 3
Danielli, S. G., Wurth, J., Morice, S., Kisele, S., Surdez, D., Delattre, O., Bode, P. K., Wachtel, M., & Schäfer, B. W. (2024) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0285 · Cited by 3
Lemke, G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11888-8_2 · Cited by 3
Growth Arrest-Specific 6 in Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
Mikuteit, M., Zschäbitz, S., Erlmeier, M., Autenrieth, M. E., Weichert, W., Hartmann, A., Steffens, S., & Erlmeier, F. (2022) · Oncology · doi:10.1159/000525601 · Cited by 3
Li, C., Fu, C., Tong, H., Liu, Z., Zhou, J., Wu, G., Liu, H., & Shen, M. (2023) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.31162 · Cited by 2
RTK AXL and its Isoforms: Regulation and Implications in Cancer
Malikova, I., Syzdykova, A., Islam, N., Kriajevskaia, M., & Tulchinsky, E. M. (2026) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0109298673382005250828124053 · Cited by 2
Axl and Its Mediated Signaling Axis in Cancer
Mudduluru, G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53659-0_3 · Cited by 2
Brown, B. A., & Lazzara, M. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.30.542969 · Cited by 2
Chadburn, A., Hernandez, M. M. A., Dai, J., Harrison, M., Reinoso-Vizcaíno, N. M., Barry, A. P., Hocke, E., Abramson, K., Jain, V., Chan, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.15.682084 · Cited by 2
Brada, M. D., Karakulak, T., Schraml, P., Haberecker, M., Rutishauser, D., Ross, J. S., Eberli, D., & Moch, H. (2025) · The Journal of Pathology Clinical Research · doi:10.1002/2056-4538.70028 · Cited by 1
Ashouri, K., Millstein, J., Yang, Y., Xiu, J., Soni, S., Mittal, P., Algaze, S., Torres-Gonzalez, L., Jayachandran, P., Zhang, W., et al. (2025) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2025-013186 · Cited by 1
Tridente, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809400-6.00019-6 · Cited by 1
Roles for AXL and MERTK in Resistance to Cytotoxic and Targeted Therapies
Summers, R. J., Minson, K. A., DeRyckere, D., & Graham, D. K. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813753-6.00003-2 · Cited by 1
Pharmacological properties and clinical outcomes of the anti-cancer drug, cabozantinib (CABOMETYX®)
Osaka, T., Yamaguchi, N., & Hara, T. (2021) · Folia Pharmacologica Japonica · doi:10.1254/fpj.21045 · Cited by 1
The Role of the Microenvironment in Tumor Promoting Stress Responses
Dillekås, H., Schuster, C., Davidsen, K. T., & Straume, O. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98950-7_31 · Cited by 1
Novel Targets in Development for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Thapa, B., Nelson, A. A., & Kilari, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40901-1_14 · Cited by 1
Tridente, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809400-6.00002-0 · Cited by 1
Targeting c-Met and AXL Crosstalk for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Yılmaz, Y., Batur, T., Korhan, P., Öztürk, M., & Atabey, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78737-0_21 · Cited by 1
Editorial, A. (2019) · Cancer Urology · doi:10.17650/1726-9776-2019-15-2-150-153 · Cited by 1
Axl RTK and microRNAs in urogenital cancers
Fritz, H. (2015) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
Tridente, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809400-6.00016-0
Hagege, A., Rastoin, O., Ambrosetti, D., Boyer, J., He, X., Rousset, J., Montemagno, C., Parola, J., Bourget, I., Luciano, F., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3902141
The Role of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase in Cancer Cell Plasticity and Therapy Resistance
Lotsberg, M. L., Davidsen, K. T., Peters, S. D., Haaland, G. S., Rayford, A. J., Lorens, J. B., & Engelsen, A. S. T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98950-7_18
Hallmarks of Metastasis: Molecular Underpinnings
Gomez-Gelvez, J. C., & Chitale, D. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93084-4_4
Elongin BC complex negatively regulates AXL and marks a differentiated phenotype in melanomaPreprint
Peeper, D. S., Schieven, S. M., Traets, J. J. H., Vliet, A. V., Baalen, M. V., Song, J., & Kuilman, T. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1808665/v1
Kidney Cancer Research Highlights from ASCO 2022 Annual Meeting.
Ged, Y. M. A., & Singla, N. (2022) · PubMed
Data from AXL Is a Key Factor for Cell Plasticity and Promotes Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer
Du, W., Phinney, N. Z., Huang, H., Wang, Z., Westcott, J. M., Toombs, J. E., Zhang, Y., Beg, M. S., Wilkie, T. M., Lorens, J. B., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.c.6545003.v1
Hypoxia and the Metastatic Cascade
Gandhi, S., Khanna, S., Kaushik, S., Chaudhry, D., Ghorawat, P., Chongtham, J., & Srivastava, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0313-9_9
Evaluation of Gas 6 as a Prognostic Marker in Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
Mikuteit, M., Zschäbitz, S., Stöhr, C., Herrmann, E., Polifka, I., Agaimy, A., Trojan, L., Ströbel, P., Becker, F. O., Wülfing, C., et al. (2023) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000529898
Role of TAM Receptors in Antimalarial Humoral Immune Response
John, L., & Vijay, R. (2024) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens13040298
Güncel Biyokimya Çalışmaları VII
Atıcı, Y., Ökten, Z., Kasebi, S., Arıkan, B. S., Erdem, M., Kıran, T. R., Yağız, A. K., Aktolun, B., Demirağcı, Y. G., Kara, H., et al. (2024) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.3109
Eldehna, W. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15635-9.00013-4
Jin, J., Ma, L., Li, L., Zhou, X., Zhu, S., Shen, K., Xu, Q., Jiang, B., Gu, Y., Ding, Q., et al. (2025) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-025-03241-6
Caro, A. A., Peiró, A. G., Hadadi, É., Berckmans, Y., Elkrim, Y., Debraekeleer, A., Cabrera, G. M., Veirman, K. D., Coosemans, A., & Laoui, D. (2025) · Gynecologic Oncology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.gore.2025.101998
Arnaiz, E., Miar, A., Bridges, E., Prasad, N., Hatch, S. B., Ebner, D., Lawrie, C. H., & Harris, A. L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15122301
Arnaiz, E., Miar, A., Bridges, E., Prasad, N., Hatch, S. B., Ebner, D., Lawrie, C. H., & Harris, A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15122289
Powles, T. B., Choueiri, T. K., Motzer, R. J., Jonasch, E., Pal, S., Tannir, N. M., Signoretti, S., Kaldate, R., Scheffold, C., Wang, E. W., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15130900
Hagege, A. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/de357a08zde04z4690z8b75z8f2bd3f595b4
Vashistha, S., Meena, R. K., Kulkarni, P., Salgia, R., Thomas, A., & Jolly, M. K. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.21.719547
Kasperczak, F., Pawłowska-Kasperczak, K., Szuścik, A., Zysnarska, M., Rajwa, P., Yanagisawa, T., Zattoni, F., & Kasperczak, M. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27115054
Overview of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: from mechanisms to clinical
Yang, H., Zhang, X., Ji, Q., & Sheng, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1822724
Zhao, J., Shan, X., Wang, G., Chu, T., Lin, C., Chang, R., & Zhao, H. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.22.733860
Axl Kinase in Alzheimer's Disease
Karati, D., & Meur, S. (2026) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9798898815646126010006
Jiménez, C., Waguespack, S. G., Kaplan, J., Habra, M. A., & Varghese, J. M. (2026) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag324
Shikonin promoted cell death in renal cancer cells through downregulation of HIF-1 α/AXL pathwayPreprint
Hsu, J.-W., Hsu, L., Chen, W., Chung, Y.-H., & Chen, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10916594/v1
BindingDB (2021) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2n301fs
Metadata
- Authors
- Rankin, E. B., Fuh, K. C., Castellini, L., Viswanathan, K., Finger, E. C., Diep, A. N., LaGory, E. L., Kariolis, M. S., Chan, A., Lindgren, D., Axelson, H., Miao, Y. R., Krieg, A. J., & Giaccia, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-09-03
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 37
- Pages
- 13373-13378
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4169907
- OpenAlex
- W2079075723
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 19.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA67166)
- U.S. Public Health Service (ARO65403)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA067166, CA088480, R37CA088480, R01CA088480, CA 67166, T32CA121940, T32CA009302)
- Army Research Office
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Renal cell carcinoma treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Keywords
- Gas6/Axl signaling, HIF-1, HIF-2, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, renal metastasis, MET oncogene, tumor invasion, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Proto-Oncogene Mas, Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1, Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6, Carcinoma, Renal Cell, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Kidney Neoplasms, Models, Biological, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Phenotype, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Signal Transduction, Cell Hypoxia, Treatment Outcome, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, src-Family Kinases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Cell Line, Tumor, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors, Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
