The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Twentieth-century shifts in forest structure in California: Denser forests, smaller trees, and increased dominance of oaks
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Declines in the number of large trees in temperate and tropical forests have attracted attention, given their disproportionate importance to forest structure, function, and carbon storage. Yet, factors responsible for these declines are unclear. By comparing historic (1930s) and contemporary (2000s) surveys of California forests, we document that across 120,000 km 2 , large trees have declined by up to 50%, corresponding to a 19% decline in average basal area and associated biomass, despite large increases in small tree density. Contemporary forests also exhibit increased dominance by oaks over pines. Both large tree declines and increased oak dominance were associated with increases in climatic water deficit, suggesting that water stress may be contributing to changes in forest structure and function across large areas.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N., Vennetier, M., Kitzberger, T., Rigling, A., Breshears, D. D., Hogg, E. H. (., et al. (2010) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001 · Cited by 7,763
Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States
van Mantgem, P. J., Stephenson, N. L., Byrne, J. C., Daniels, L. D., Franklin, J. F., Fulé, P. Z., Harmon, M. E., Larson, A. J., Smith, J. M., Taylor, A. H., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1165000 · Cited by 1,799 · cited 2×
“In the forests of California, comparisons of historical and contemporary forests in selected areas of the Sierra Nevada and Transverse mountains suggest that forests have in-filled with small trees and exhibited declines in larger trees since the early 1900s, patterns attributed to fire suppression, forest exploitatio…”
BackgroundClimatic control of vegetation distribution: the role of the water balance
Stephenson, N. L. (1990) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285067 · Cited by 848
FEDERAL FOREST‐FIRE POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES
Stephens, S. L., & Ruth, L. W. (2005) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/04-0545 · Cited by 584
Damschen, E. I., Harrison, S., & Grace, J. B. (2010) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/09-1057.1 · Cited by 129 · cited 1×
“21 – 23 ).”
Cited by
Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change
Esquivel‐Muelbert, A., Baker, T. R., Dexter, K. G., Lewis, S. L., Brienen, R. J. W., Feldpausch, T. R., Lloyd, J., Monteagudo‐Mendoza, A., Arroyo, L., Álvarez-Dávila, E., et al. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14413 · Cited by 514
Long-term climate and competition explain forest mortality patterns under extreme drought
Young, D. J. N., Stevens, J. T., Earles, J. M., Moore, J., Ellis, A., Jirka, A. L., & Latimer, A. M. (2017) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12711 · Cited by 443
Hagmann, R. K., Hessburg, P. F., Prichard, S. J., Povak, N. A., Brown, P. M., Fulé, P. Z., Keane, R. E., Knapp, E. E., Lydersen, J. M., Metlen, K. L., et al. (2021) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2431 · Cited by 400
Density‐dependent vulnerability of forest ecosystems to drought
Bottero, A., D'Amato, A. W., Palik, B. J., Bradford, J. B., Fraver, S., Battaglia, M. A., & Asherin, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12847 · Cited by 312
Safford, H. D., & Stevens, J. T. (2017) · doi:10.2737/psw-gtr-256 · Cited by 178
Metadata
- Authors
- McIntyre, P. J., Thorne, J. H., Dolanc, C. R., Flint, A. L., Flint, L. E., Kelly, M., & Ackerly, D. D.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-01-20
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1458-1463
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2052932517
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 26.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Twentieth-century shifts in forest structure in California: Denser forests, smaller trees, and increased dominance of oaks. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.1410186112
- The paper
- McIntyre, P. J., Thorne, J. H., Dolanc, C. R., Flint, A. L., Flint, L. E., Kelly, M., & Ackerly, D. D. (2015). Twentieth-century shifts in forest structure in California: Denser forests, smaller trees, and increased dominance of oaks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410186112
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
