The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Financial competitiveness of organic agriculture on a global scale
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Some recognize organic agriculture as being important for future global food security, whereas others project it to become irrelevant. Although organic agriculture is rapidly growing, it currently occupies only 1% of global cropland. Whether organic agriculture can continue to expand will likely be determined by whether it is economically competitive with conventional agriculture. Accordingly, we analyzed the financial performance of organic and conventional agriculture from 40 y of studies covering 55 crops grown on five continents. We found that, in spite of lower yields, organic agriculture was significantly more profitable than conventional agriculture and has room to expand globally. Moreover, with its environmental benefits, organic agriculture can contribute a larger share in sustainably feeding the world.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Net cost of ERW may be lower if rock dust is used as a fertilizer in organic agriculture, which currently occupies 57.8 million hectares, because it adds economic value by improving soil health, fertility and ecosystem services 35 .”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A safe operating space for humanity
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/461472a · Cited by 13,333
Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People
Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M., & Toulmin, C. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1185383 · Cited by 11,943
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis.
Freeman, P. R., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531069 · Cited by 4,840
The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology
Hedges, L. V., Gurevitch, J., & Curtis, P. S. (1999) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1150:tmaorr]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 4,704 · cited 2×
“Weights were the inverse of the study variance plus a common random-effects variance component (42).”
BackgroundMethodComparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture
Seufert, V., Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11069 · Cited by 2,342
The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture
de Ponti, T., Rijk, B., & van Ittersum, M. K. (2012) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2011.12.004 · Cited by 1,185
Organic agriculture and the global food supply
Badgley, C. E., Moghtader, J., Quintero, E., Zakem, E. J., Chappell, M. J., Avilés-Vázquez, K. R., Samulon, A., & Perfecto, I. (2007) · Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems · doi:10.1017/s1742170507001640 · Cited by 1,058
Gomiero, T., Pimentel, D. M. D. S., & Paoletti, M. G. (2011) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.554355 · Cited by 1,041
(2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55416-3 · Cited by 993
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- O De Schutter Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food (United Nations, Geneva, 2010).
- A Avery The Truth About Organic Foods (Henderson Communications LLC, Chesterfield, MO, 2006).
- ; SAS Institute JMP 11.0 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, 2014).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century
Reganold, J. P., & Wachter, J. M. (2016) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/nplants.2015.221 · Cited by 2,130
Self-citationLandscapes that work for biodiversity and people
Kremen, C., & Merenlender, A. M. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau6020 · Cited by 1,125
Soil Degradation, Land Scarcity and Food Security: Reviewing a Complex Challenge
Gomiero, T. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su8030281 · Cited by 911
Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands
Beerling, D. J., Kantzas, E. P., Lomas, M. R., Wade, P., Eufrasio, R. M., Renforth, P., Sarkar, B., Andrews, M. G., James, R. H., Pearce, C. R., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2448-9 · Cited by 700
Positive but variable effects of crop diversification on biodiversity and ecosystem services
Beillouin, D., Ben‐Ari, T., Malézieux, E., Seufert, V., & Makowski, D. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15747 · Cited by 590
Metadata
- Authors
- Crowder, D. W., & Reganold, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Washington State University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 7611-7616
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4475942
- OpenAlex
- W1531521427
- Cited by
- 518
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Organic Food and Agriculture
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Agricultural economics and policies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
- Keywords
- organic farming, conventional farming, economic competitiveness, organic premium, benefit-cost ratio, net present value, labor costs, crop yield, food security, ecosystem services
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Conservation of Natural Resources, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Costs and Cost Analysis, Food Supply, Ecosystem, Crops, Agricultural, Organic Agriculture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
