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Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: From promise to practice
Open accessAbstract
The central challenge of the 21st century is to develop economic, social, and governance systems capable of ending poverty and achieving sustainable levels of population and consumption while securing the life-support systems underpinning current and future human well-being. Essential to meeting this challenge is the incorporation of natural capital and the ecosystem services it provides into decision-making. We explore progress and crucial gaps at this frontier, reflecting upon the 10 y since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. We focus on three key dimensions of progress and ongoing challenges: raising awareness of the interdependence of ecosystems and human well-being, advancing the fundamental interdisciplinary science of ecosystem services, and implementing this science in decisions to restore natural capital and use it sustainably. Awareness of human dependence on nature is at an all-time high, the science of ecosystem services is rapidly advancing, and talk of natural capital is now common from governments to corporate boardrooms. However, successful implementation is still in early stages. We explore why ecosystem service information has yet to fundamentally change decision-making and suggest a path forward that emphasizes: ( i ) developing solid evidence linking decisions to impacts on natural capital and ecosystem services, and then to human well-being; ( ii ) working closely with leaders in government, business, and civil society to develop the knowledge, tools, and practices necessary to integrate natural capital and ecosystem services into everyday decision-making; and ( iii ) reforming institutions to change policy and practices to better align private short-term goals with societal long-term goals.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Guerry, A. D., Polasky, S., Lubchenco, J., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Daily, G. C., Griffin, R., Ruckelshaus, M., Bateman, I. J., Duraiappah, A., Elmqvist, T., Feldman, M. W., Folke, C., Hoekstra, J., Kareiva, P. M., Keeler, B. L., Li, S., McKenzie, E., Ouyang, Z., Reyers, B., Ricketts, T. H., Rockström, J., Tallis, H., & Vira, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (SE)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development, New Delhi 110 029, India;
- Stockholm Resilience Centre (SE)
- World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037;
- The Nature Conservancy (US)
- Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
- World Wildlife Fund (US)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (ZA)
- University of Vermont (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-06-15
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 7348-7355
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4475956
- OpenAlex
- W1540250989
- Cited by
- 1,017
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 16
- FWCI
- 69.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences OpenIR (Chinese Academy of Sciences) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Keywords
- natural capital, ecosystem services, decision-making, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, human well-being, sustainability, ecological restoration, policy reform, interdisciplinary research, evidence-based policy, institutional change, poverty reduction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Decision Making, Ecology, Humans, Public Policy, Ecosystem
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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