The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-reproducing catalyst drives repeated phospholipid synthesis and membrane growth
Open accessAbstract
Significance: We report on the design and synthesis of an artificial cell membrane that sustains continual growth. Lipid membranes are ubiquitous in all domains of life. Numerous studies have exploited the ability of lipids to self-assemble into bilayer vesicles with properties reminiscent of cellular membranes, but previous work has yet to mimic nature’s ability to support persistent phospholipid membrane formation. In this work, we have developed an artificial cell membrane that continually synthesizes all of the components needed to form additional catalytic membranes. These results demonstrate that complex lipid membranes capable of indefinite self-synthesis can emerge when supplied with simpler chemical building blocks.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The model lipid catalyst has a headgroup constituting a hydrophilic chelator for Cu1+ ions and the hydrophobic moieties were three modified fatty acid chains. This amphiphilic molecule served as effective catalyst for the covalent bond formation between an alkyne-derivatized lysophospholipid and an azide-derivatized fatty acid analogue, leading to the formation of two-chain phospholipid analogue.”
From Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks (2018) · cites this paper as [193]
In the citing paper
“The lipid-embodied network has four food compounds, three of which generate a lipid catalyst in two consecutive reactions.”
From Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks (2018) · cites this paper as [193]
In the citing paper
“The experimental results provided are describable by a simple mutually catalytic network in line with the Kauffman–Hordijk model, as well as by the formalisms of M-GARD (previous section).”
From Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks (2018) · cites this paper as [193]
In the citing paper
“The catalyst then enhances the rate of its own formation, as well as that of a reaction generating a two-chain phospholipid from a single chain phospholipid and a fatty acid analogue.”
From Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks (2018) · cites this paper as [193]
In the citing paper
“but highlight a first published experimental instance of a simple lipid-based GARD network [193].”
From Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks (2018) · cites this paper as [193]
In the citing paper
“Regarding evidence for our model's validity, we point out the insurmountable hurdles for comprehensive experimental verification, but highlight a first published experimental instance of a simple lipid-based GARD network [193].”
From Systems protobiology: origin of life in lipid catalytic networks (2018) · cites this paper as [193]
Citations
Cites
Cu-Catalyzed Azide−Alkyne Cycloaddition
Meldal, M., & Tornøe, C. W. (2008) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0783479 · Cited by 4,780
Hydrogen Ion Buffers for Biological Research*
Good, N. E., Winget, G. D., Winter, W., Connolly, T. N., Izawa, S., & Singh, R. M. M. (1966) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00866a011 · Cited by 2,762
Sinensky, M. (1974) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.71.2.522 · Cited by 1,551
Polytriazoles as Copper(I)-Stabilizing Ligands in Catalysis
Chan, T. R., Hilgraf, R., Sharpless, K. B., & Fokin, V. V. (2004) · Organic Letters · doi:10.1021/ol0493094 · Cited by 1,532
Experimental Models of Primitive Cellular Compartments: Encapsulation, Growth, and Division
Hanczyc, M. M., Fujikawa, S. M., & Szostak, J. W. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089904 · Cited by 848
Paula, S., Volkov, A. G., Van Hoek, A. N., Haines, T. H., & Deamer, D. W. (1996) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(96)79575-9 · Cited by 578 · cited 1×
“The lack of a strong pH effect on the permeability coefficients of measured charged species supports a transient defect mechanism of membrane permeation over a solubility-diffusion mechanism (32).”
BackgroundLiposomes from ionic, single-chain amphiphiles
Hargreaves, W. R., & Deamer, D. W. (1978) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00611a014 · Cited by 576
Kurihara, K., Tamura, M., Shohda, K.-I., Toyota, T., Suzuki, K., & Sugawara, T. (2011) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.1127 · Cited by 559
Coupled Growth and Division of Model Protocell Membranes
Zhu, T. F., & Szostak, J. W. (2009) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja900919c · Cited by 496
Acyl-CoA:Lysophospholipid Acyltransferases
Shindou, H., & Shimizu, T. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r800046200 · Cited by 478
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–178 of 178
Bridging the Gap between Nonliving Matter and Cellular Life
Kumar, S., Karmacharya, M., & Cho, Y. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202202962 · Cited by 13
Armstrong, D. L., Lancet, D., & Zidovetzki, R. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1615 · Cited by 13
Fu, M., & Li, J. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201806347 · Cited by 14
Motility of Synthetic Cells from Engineered Lipids
Shrivastava, A., Du, Y., Adepu, H. K., Li, R., Madhvacharyula, A. S., Swett, A. A., & Choi, J. H. (2023) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.3c00271 · Cited by 12
Coupling Photoresponsive Transmembrane Ion Transport with Transition Metal Catalysis
Chao, X., Johnson, T. G., Temian, M.-C., Docker, A., Wallabrègue, A., Scott, A. J., Conway, S. J., & Langton, M. J. (2024) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c13801 · Cited by 12
Self-reproducing micelles coupled to a secondary catalyst
Post, E. A. J., Bissette, A. J., & Fletcher, S. P. (2018) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c8cc02136h · Cited by 12
GEN-Click: Genetically Encodable Click Reactions for Spatially Restricted Metabolite Labeling
Mishra, P. K., Sharma, N., Kim, H., Lee, C., & Rhee, H. (2023) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.3c00511 · Cited by 11
Zhou, Y., Yang, H., Wang, C., Xue, Y., Wang, X., Bao, C., & Zhu, L. (2021) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d0sc06049f · Cited by 11
Sugiyama, H., Osaki, T., Takeuchi, S., & Toyota, T. (2020) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c01371 · Cited by 11
In Situ Lipid Membrane Formation Triggered by Intramolecular Photoinduced Electron Transfer
Enomoto, T., Brea, R. J., Bhattacharya, A., & Devaraj, N. K. (2017) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02783 · Cited by 11
Self-citationIsotope chirality in long‐armed multifunctional organosilicon (“Cephalopod”) molecules
Barabás, B., Kurdi, R., Zucchi, C., & Pályi, G. (2018) · Chirality · doi:10.1002/chir.22865 · Cited by 10
Dynamic Behaviour in Microcompartments
Lin, Y., Wang, L., & Huang, X. C. (2019) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201902757 · Cited by 10
Subbotin, V., & Fiksel, G. (2023) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2023.0011 · Cited by 10
Tameyuki, M., Hiranaka, H., Toyota, T., Asakura, K., & Banno, T. (2019) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02707 · Cited by 10
Transmembrane signal transduction by cofactor transport
Kocsis, I., Ding, Y., Williams, N. H., & Hunter, C. A. (2021) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d1sc03910e · Cited by 9
Continuous expansion of a synthetic minimal cellular membrane
Exterkate, M., & Driessen, A. J. M. (2019) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20190020 · Cited by 9
Feng, X., Tong, G., Ran, Z., Liu, X., Li, L., Liu, G., & Yang, R. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202417352 · Cited by 8
Toward Experimental Evolution with Giant Vesicles
Sugiyama, H., & Toyota, T. (2018) · Life · doi:10.3390/life8040053 · Cited by 8
Micrometer‐Sized Liposome‐Based Systems: A Hierarchical Breakdown
Hamada, S., Sugiyama, H., Zhang, Y., Iwabuchi, S., Hiroi, S., Maruyama, T., Balaji, Y., Kumagai, S., Murata, S., & Toyota, T. (2025) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202400074 · Cited by 7
Qiu, T., Yang, L., Zhu, Y., Wang, J., Li, Z., Gao, X., Shen, Q., Zhang, J., Lv, F., & Feng, X. (2025) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2025.102715 · Cited by 7
Powers, J., Shin, J., Rizwan, F., Hong, S. H., & Jang, Y. (2025) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00494 · Cited by 7
Primitive genotype-phenotype coupling in fuel-dependent synthetic cells with an autocatalyst
Soria‐Carrera, H., Kauling, L., & Boekhoven, J. (2025) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2025.102816 · Cited by 8
On the Evolutionary Development of Biological Organization from Complex Prebiotic Chemistry
Ruiz‐Mirazo, K., & Moreno, Á. (2023) · History, philosophy and theory of the life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38968-9_9 · Cited by 9
Gao, Z., Sun, H., Yang, S., Li, M., Qi, N., & Cui, J. (2024) · ACS Macro Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00330 · Cited by 7
Lipase activated endocytosis-like behavior of oil-in-water emulsion
Lin, Y., Chen, H., Wang, L., Su, J., Li, J., & Huang, X. C. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-52802-8 · Cited by 8
Nikroo, A. H., Das, A., Verwiel, M. A. M., & van Hest, J. C. M. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202600002 · Cited by 6
Ivanov, I., Smoukov, S. K., Nourafkan, E., Landfester, K., & Schwille, P. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119555568.ch12 · Cited by 6
Evolution of Proliferative Model Protocells Highly Responsive to the Environment
Matsuo, M., Toyota, T., Suzuki, K., & Sugawara, T. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12101635 · Cited by 6
Song, S., Ivanov, T., Doan‐Nguyen, T. P., da Silva, L. C., Xie, J., Landfester, K., & Cao, S. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202418431 · Cited by 5
Vesicle formation by ultrashort alkyl-phosphonic acids and serine in aqueous solutions
Chen, L.-C., Chen, K., Zhang, S., & Deng, S. (2019) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.055 · Cited by 5
Demolish and Rebuild: Controlling Lipid Self-Assembly toward Triggered Release and Artificial Cells
Qualls, M. L., Sagar, R., Lou, J., & Best, M. D. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07406 · Cited by 5
Sequential dynamic structuralisation by in situ production of supramolecular building blocks
Yuasa, H., Asakura, K., & Banno, T. (2017) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c7cc04301e · Cited by 5
Synthetic Approach to biomolecular science by cyborg supramolecular chemistry
Kurihara, K., Matsuo, M., Yamaguchi, T., & Sato, S. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.002 · Cited by 5
Turner, B., Wu, K., Fiksel, G., & Subbotin, V. (2025) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2025.1566396 · Cited by 4
Dynamic Shape Modulation of Deflated and Adhered Lipid Vesicles
Wolfisberg, G. C., Agudo‐Canalejo, J., Bittmann, P. C., Dufresne, E. R., Style, R. W., & Rebane, A. A. (2025) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.5c13925 · Cited by 4
Advances in artificial cells capable of metabolic mimicry: from fundamentals to applications
Jia, Y., Zhao, J., Xu, W., Zhang, X., Li, S., & Han, X. (2026) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d5cs01330e · Cited by 4
Kondhare, D., Zhang, A., Leonard, P., & Seela, F. (2020) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.0c00926 · Cited by 4
In Situ Synthesis of Lipid Analogues Leading to Artificial Cell Growth and Division
Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Mu, W., Dong, M., & Han, X. (2022) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202200007 · Cited by 4
Fu, M., & Li, J. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201806347 · Cited by 4
Cole, C. M., Brea, R. J., Kim, Y. H., Hardy, M. D., Yang, J., & Devaraj, N. K. (2015) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201504339 · Cited by 4
Self-citationReaction: A Plea for Hypothesis-Driven Research in Prebiotic Systems Chemistry
Ruiz‐Mirazo, K. (2019) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2019.06.009 · Cited by 4
Lopez, A., Fayolle, D., Fiore, M., & Strazewski, P. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101677 · Cited by 5
Functional nucleic acid-based liposome engineering strategies for bioanalytical applications
Wu, C., Zhang, L., & Bi, S. (2025) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2025.118258 · Cited by 3
Taneja, J., & Higgs, P. G. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15050724 · Cited by 3
Evolution from Composome to RNA Replicase
Deng, S., Lancet, D., & Yaniv, R. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16020219 · Cited by 4
Synthetic Cells on Demand: From Molecular Stimuli to Cellular Functions
Suzuki, M., & KAMIYA, K. (2026) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202500071 · Cited by 3
Li, L., Yao, X., Li, G., Guo, Q., Yue, J., Liu, W., Fang, Y., Midgley, A. C., Zhao, M., & Nishinari, K. (2025) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101565 · Cited by 3
Robust Dynamics of Synthetic Molecular Systems as a Consequence of Broken Symmetry
Kageyama, Y. (2020) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym12101688 · Cited by 3
Artificial Cells for Cellular Behavior Mimicry Induced by Sphingomyelin Degradation
Wen, H.-Y., Zhu, H., Wen, H., Zhang, M., Wang, Z., & Liu, S. (2023) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00123 · Cited by 3
Kageyama, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Matsuura, M., Shimizu, T., Ikegami, T., Tanada, N., & Yazaki, D. (2025) · Crystal Growth & Design · doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00667 · Cited by 2
Harnessing Dynamic Self‐Assembly to Accelerate Chemical Reactions
Cui, S., Zhang, J., Fu, J., Deng, Z., & Liu, S. (2026) · Small Structures · doi:10.1002/sstr.202500867 · Cited by 2
Progress and persistent questions in understanding the origin of life on Earth
Ansari, A. H. (2026) · Discover Life · doi:10.1007/s11084-026-09753-5 · Cited by 2
Lopez, A., Chieffo, C., & Fiore, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in bioengineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47705-9_18 · Cited by 2
Reconstituting alternative life using the test-bed of cell-free systems
Hofmann, M., Abdo, F., Borkowski, O., & Kushwaha, M. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0293 · Cited by 2
In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth
Vogele, K., Frank, T., Gasser, L., Goetzfried, M. A., Hackl, M. W., Sieber, S. A., Simmel, F. C., & Pirzer, T. (2019) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/59831 · Cited by 2
Fiore, M., Maniti, O., Girard-Egrot, A., Monnard, P., & Strazewski, P. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201710708 · Cited by 2
A Thermodynamic Approach towards the Question "What is Cellular Life?"Preprint
Sawada, Y., Daigaku, Y., & Toma, K. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.11779 · Cited by 2
Coenradij, J., Bailoni, E., Lupacchini, M., Groenhof, W. F., Venekamp, M., Slotboom, D. J., Driessen, A. J. M., Exterkate, M., & Poolman, B. (2026) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00973 · Cited by 1
Groß, M. (2015) · Nachrichten aus der Chemie · doi:10.1002/nadc.201590319 · Cited by 1
Feng, X., Tong, G., Ran, Z., Liu, X., Li, L., Liu, G., & Yang, R. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202417352 · Cited by 1
Environmentally induced lipidome adaptation in the bacterial model organism M. extorquensPreprint
Chwastek, G., Surma, M. A., Rizk, S., Grosser, D., Lavrynenko, O., Rucińska, M., Jambor, H. K., & Sáenz, J. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/650390 · Cited by 1
Sustainable membrane biosynthesis for synthetic minimal cells
Exterkate, M. (2019) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.98704569 · Cited by 1
Artificial membranes: Phospholipids grow non-stop
Moscatelli, A. (2015) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.185
Exploiting the photoactivity of bacterial reaction center to investigate liposome dynamics
Altamura, E., Milano, F., Stano, P., & Mavelli, F. (2021) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-021-00011-3
Molecular Transformation for Self-reproducing Vesicles and Underlying Analysis Methods
Toyota, T., Ohtani, A., & Sugiyama, H. (2021) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.c21-00216
The Power and Limitations of Macro-Molecular Self-Assembly
Davies, J. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99965-6.00033-6
Solutions of ferrous salts protect liposomes from UV damage: implications for Life OriginPreprint
Turner, B., Fiksel, G., & Subbotin, V. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.29.591450
Ready, Set, Grow: From Micelles to Giant Vesicles via Biocatalytic Activation
Bair, N. P., Zhu, Q., Staynings, B. A., Tree, D. R., & Paxton, W. F. (2024) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01925
Lipid-Based Catalysis Demonstrated by Bilayer-Enabled Ester Hydrolysis
Liu, S., Kumar, K., Bell, T. N., Ramamoorthy, A., Winkle, D. H. V., & Lenhert, S. (2024) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes14080168
11 Bioorthogonal Tools for the Synthesis, Modification, and Analysis of Lipids
Souto-Trinei, F. A., Devaraj, N. K., & Brea, R. J. (2025) · Haug Verlag in Georg Thieme Verlag KG eBooks · doi:10.1055/sos-sd-242-00191
Self-citationExperimental and Numerical Modeling of Liposome Congregation in Meteorite Craters of Early Earth
Subbotin, V., Turner, B. A., Davies, B. A., Lopez, A. G., & Fiksel, G. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16040542
Fayolle, D. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/6e174fe2z79a7z4a7fzae6cz837cb04a065b
Nikroo, A. H., Das, A., Verwiel, M. A. M., & van Hest, J. C. M. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202600002
Advances in experimental research on artificial life based on chemical systems
Xia, Y., & Zhou, J. (2026) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb-2026-0209
Suzuki, M., & Kamiya, K. (2026) · ChemPlusChem · doi:10.1002/cplu.70164
Energy and Reducing Power Regeneration Systems for Artificial Cells and Their Applications
Ren, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhao, J., Li, S., & Han, X. (2026) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.75476
Chu, H., & Gong, T. (2026) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2026.105955
Tang, X., Song, L., Li, T., Gao, C., Yuan, X., Liu, G., & Wang, Y. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c17507
Metadata
- Authors
- Hardy, M. D., Yang, J., Selimkhanov, J., Cole, C. M., Tsimring, L. S., & Devaraj, N. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-06-22
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- 8187-8192
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4500204
- OpenAlex
- W1952600287
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 6.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W911NF-13-1-0383)
- National Science Foundation (CHE-1254611)
- HHS | National Institutes of Health (P50GM085764)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Advanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization
- Keywords
- autocatalysis, phospholipid synthesis, model membranes, membrane growth, vesicle growth, membrane remodeling, biomimetic membranes, lipid bilayer formation, origin of life
- MeSH terms
- Catalysis, Cell Membrane, Copper, Lipid Bilayers, Membrane Lipids, Membranes, Artificial, Models, Chemical, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Phosphatidylcholines, Phospholipids, Triazoles, Molecular Structure, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Unilamellar Liposomes, Time-Lapse Imaging, Cycloaddition Reaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
