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Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria
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The Myxozoa comprise over 2,000 species of microscopic obligate parasites that use both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts as part of their life cycle. Although the evolutionary origin of myxozoans has been elusive, a close relationship with cnidarians, a group that includes corals, sea anemones, jellyfish, and hydroids, is supported by some phylogenetic studies and the observation that the distinctive myxozoan structure, the polar capsule, is remarkably similar to the stinging structures (nematocysts) in cnidarians. To gain insight into the extreme evolutionary transition from a free-living cnidarian to a microscopic endoparasite, we analyzed genomic and transcriptomic assemblies from two distantly related myxozoan species, Kudoa iwatai and Myxobolus cerebralis, and compared these to the transcriptome and genome of the less reduced cnidarian parasite, Polypodium hydriforme. A phylogenomic analysis, using for the first time to our knowledge, a taxonomic sampling that represents the breadth of myxozoan diversity, including four newly generated myxozoan assemblies, confirms that myxozoans are cnidarians and are a sister taxon to P. hydriforme. Estimations of genome size reveal that myxozoans have one of the smallest reported animal genomes. Gene enrichment analyses show depletion of expressed genes in categories related to development, cell differentiation, and cell-cell communication. In addition, a search for candidate genes indicates that myxozoans lack key elements of signaling pathways and transcriptional factors important for multicellular development. Our results suggest that the degeneration of the myxozoan body plan from a free-living cnidarian to a microscopic parasitic cnidarian was accompanied by extreme reduction in genome size and gene content.
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In the citing paper
“Thus, while strong support for Ctenophora-sister may be obtained from phylogenomic datasets (2 -6, 46, 55), our analysis suggests these results are caused by undetected systematic bias.”
From Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals (2015) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The topologies from Chang and Feuda are based on the same data set which is made up of 51,940 amino acid positions from 78 taxa representing a wide range of animals and 9 non-animal outgroups.”
From Six-state amino acid recoding is not an effective strategy to offset the effects of compositional heterogeneity and saturation in phylogenetic analyses (2019) · cites this paper as Chang et al. 2015
In the citing paper
“Porifera-sister generally [6], but not invariably [12, 38], emerges when site-specific differences in amino acid composition are modeled and distant outgroups (e.g., Fungi) are not included in the analyses.”
From Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals (2017) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“We show that two key phylogenomic datasets that previously supported Ctenophora-sister [10, 12] display strong heterogeneity in amino acid composition across sites and taxa”
From Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals (2017) · cites this paper as [12]
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Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Chang, E. S., Neuhof, M., Rubinstein, N. D., Diamant, A., Philippe, H., Huchon, D., & Cartwright, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas (US)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Harvard University (US)
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IL)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-11-16
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 48
- Pages
- 14912-14917
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4672818
- OpenAlex
- W2176109601
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 8.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- NSF | BIO | Division of Environmental Biology (0953571)
- NSF | BIO | Division of Integrative Organismal Systems (1321759)
- Israel Science Foundation (663/10)
- United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (2012768)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Myxozoan Parasites in Aquatic Species
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- Myxozoa, Cnidaria, evolutionary origin, phylogenomics, Myxobolus cerebralis, polar capsules, nematocysts, genome size reduction, gene enrichment analysis, genome assembly
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Phylogeny, Genome, Evolution, Molecular, Genomics, Polypodium, Myxobolus
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