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Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans
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Abstract
Significance: One of the most enduring and widely debated questions in prehistoric archaeology concerns the origins of Europe’s earliest farmers: Were they the descendants of local hunter-gatherers, or did they migrate from southwestern Asia, where farming began? We recover genome-wide DNA sequences from early farmers on both the European and Asian sides of the Aegean to reveal an unbroken chain of ancestry leading from central and southwestern Europe back to Greece and northwestern Anatolia. Our study provides the coup de grâce to the notion that farming spread into and across Europe via the dissemination of ideas but without, or with only a limited, migration of people.
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“At least along the Danube route from Anatolia to Central Europe, paleogenetic analyses have revealed that the first stage of the Neolithic transition occurred through the migration of FAs, followed by admixture with local HGs in a second stage, e.g., (32, 33, 35, 47).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
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“This includes the European Neolithic transition, when farmers coming from southeast Europe and Anatolia partially replaced hunter-gatherers (32–35), as well as the Bronze Age, with the spread of pastoralist populations from Eurasian steppes (36–38).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
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“In Europe, a prominent genetic transition occurred during the spread of early Neolithic farmers, when they partially replaced Paleolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherers [i.e., the so-called Neolithic transition (33, 34, 35)].”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmanová, Z., Kreutzer, S., Hellenthal, G., Sell, C., Diekmann, Y., Díez-del-Molino, D., van Dorp, L., López, S., Kousathanas, A., Link, V., Kirsanow, K., Cassidy, L. M., Martiniano, R., Strobel, M., Scheu, A., Kotsakis, K., Halstead, P., Triantaphyllou, S., Kyparissi-Apostolika, N., Urem-Kotsou, D., Ziota, C., Adaktylou, F., Gopalan, S., Bobo, D. M., Winkelbach, L., Blöcher, J., Unterländer, M., Leuenberger, C., Çilingiroğlu, Ç., Horejs, B., Gerritsen, F., Shennan, S. J., Bradley, D. G., Currat, M., Veeramah, K. R., Wegmann, D., Thomas, M. G., Papageorgopoulou, C., & Burger, J.
- Affiliations
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University College London (GB)
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Honorary Ephor of Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture & Sports, 106 82 Athens, Greece;
- Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece;
- Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports (GR)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- Ege University (TR)
- Austrian Academy of Sciences (AT)
- Netherlands Institute in Turkey (TR)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Democritus University of Thrace (GR)
- Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
- ORCID
- Hofmanová, Zuzana
- Kreutzer, Susanne
- Hellenthal, Garrett
- Diekmann, Yoan
- López, Saioa
- Kousathanas, Athanasios
- Link, Vivian
- Cassidy, Lara M.
- Martiniano, Rui
- Scheu, Amelie
- Kotsakis, Kostas
- Halstead, Paul
- Triantaphyllou, Sevi
- Urem-Kotsou, Dushka
- Ziota, Christina
- Gopalan, Shyamalika
- Bobo, Dean M.
- Winkelbach, Laura
- Blöcher, Jens
- Leuenberger, Christoph
- Çilingiroğlu, Çiler
- Horejs, Barbara
- Gerritsen, Fokke
- Shennan, Stephen J.
- Bradley, Daniel G.
- Currat, Mathias
- Veeramah, Krishna R.
- Wegmann, Daniel
- Thomas, Mark G.
- Papageorgopoulou, Christina
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-06-06
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 6886-6891
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4922144
- OpenAlex
- W2414570345
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 20
- FWCI
- 53.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (submittedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- EC | European Research Council (289966, 226506-CP-CSA-INFRA, 295729)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BU 1403/6-1, 247/602-1 FUGG)
- Volkswagen Foundation (87161)
- Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A_156853, 31003A_149920)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/L009382/1)
- King's College London Medical Engineering Centre (EP/F500351/1)
- Wellcome Trust (098386/Z/12/Z)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (380-62-005)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Neolithic farmers, ancient DNA, paleogenomics, Anatolia, migration, admixture, hunter-gatherers, Early Holocene, West Asia, genotype calling, genetic continuity
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Anthropology, Europe, Genetics, Population, Humans, Mediterranean Region, Principal Component Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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