Antigen exposure shapes the ratio between antigen-specific Tregs and conventional T cells in human peripheral blood
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Significance: Herein we used peptide–MHC tetramer staining and enrichment to identify antigen-specific Tregs directly ex vivo and found that most CD4 + T-cell specificities, self or foreign, contain 5–15% Tregs. A notable exception is that two dominant influenza specificities contain very small proportions of Tregs. We demonstrated using human cord blood cells and murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection that antigen exposure can alter the balance between Tregs and conventional T cells in an antigen-specific and context-dependent manner. The ratio between specific Tregs and cognate effectors correlates with protective immunity in mice and T-cell dominance hierarchy in humans. Our finding provides insight into Treg specificity and highlights the importance of Treg and effector balance in an antigen-specific context.
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Niekamp, P., Gu, D., Jiang, J., Woods, E. J., & Johnstone, B. H. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1725191 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Preceding Viral Infections Do Not Imprint Long-Term Changes in Regulatory T Cell Function
Rost, F., Lambert, K., Rakebrandt, N., & Joller, N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65212-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kishimoto, T., Fournier, M., Michaud, A. M., Rizzo, G. L., Roy, C. J., Capela, T., Nukolova, N. V., Li, N., Doyle, L., Fu, F.-N., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.15.540840 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nanobiomaterials and nucleic acids for CAR-T-based treatment of autoimmune diseases
Liu, C., Xu, N., Wang, Y., Lu, J., Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Yu, X., Liu, S., Sheng, X., Fu, X., et al. (2026) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103258 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intestinal Inflammation Breaks Established Immune Tolerance to a Skin CommensalPreprint
Merana, G. R., Dhariwala, M. O., Dwyer, L. R., Weckel, A., Gonzalez, J. R., Palacios-Calderon, Y., Kattah, M. G., Ma, A. I., & Scharschmidt, T. C. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3863579 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development of Regulatory T Cells in the Thymus and Periphery
van der Veeken, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-128-24465-4.00093-4
Antigen-specific Th17 T cells offset the age-related decline in durable T cell immunityPreprint
Sturmlechner, I., Jain, A. K., Jiang, J., Okuyama, H., Mu, Y., Own, M., Weyand, C. M., & Goronzy, J. J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.05.658069
BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination activates spike-reactive regulatory T cells in humans
Shinwari, N., Xue, X., Lu, D., Chua, C., Iwamoto, Y., Masuo, Y., Sekito, S., Akiyama, D., Murakawa, Y., Hashiguchi, T., et al. (2026) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxag045
Genital Tract and Circulating CD8+ T Cell Phenotypes Vary Across the Menstrual Cycle
Talavera, I. C., Thomas, K. K., Graham, J. B., Swarts, J. L., Vick, S. C., MacLean, F., Potchen, N. B., Warrier, L., Tsegaye, A. T., Hughes, S. M., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/aji.70334
Peanut Epicutaneous Immunotherapy (CoFAR6)
Jones, S. (2020) · ImmPort · doi:10.21430/m397zurmsi
- Authors
- Su, L. F., del Alcazar, D., Stelekati, E., Wherry, E. J., & Davis, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-09-28
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 41
- Pages
- E6192-E6198
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5068288
- OpenAlex
- W2526472647
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K08 AR059760)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19 AI 090019, U19-AI057229)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis
- Keywords
- regulatory T cells, conventional T cells, antigen exposure, influenza-specific T cells, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, umbilical cord blood, peptide-MHC tetramers, protective immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antigens, Antigens, Viral, Fetal Blood, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Biomarkers, HLA-DR4 Antigen, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Cytokines, Lymphocyte Count, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, Gene Expression Profiling, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Mice, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Transcriptome
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