The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immunogenicity and structures of a rationally designed prefusion MERS-CoV spike antigen
Open accessAbstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a lineage C betacoronavirus that since its emergence in 2012 has caused outbreaks in human populations with case-fatality rates of ∼36%. As in other coronaviruses, the spike (S) glycoprotein of MERS-CoV mediates receptor recognition and membrane fusion and is the primary target of the humoral immune response during infection. Here we use structure-based design to develop a generalizable strategy for retaining coronavirus S proteins in the antigenically optimal prefusion conformation and demonstrate that our engineered immunogen is able to elicit high neutralizing antibody titers against MERS-CoV. We also determined high-resolution structures of the trimeric MERS-CoV S ectodomain in complex with G4, a stem-directed neutralizing antibody. The structures reveal that G4 recognizes a glycosylated loop that is variable among coronaviruses and they define four conformational states of the trimer wherein each receptor-binding domain is either tightly packed at the membrane-distal apex or rotated into a receptor-accessible conformation. Our studies suggest a potential mechanism for fusion initiation through sequential receptor-binding events and provide a foundation for the structure-based design of coronavirus vaccines.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Immune responses are improved by introducing two consecutive proline residues (2P), which are known to retain the full-length S protein in the prefusion conformation.64,65”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both vaccines encode the same full-length, pre-fusion stabilized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein13,14 and are encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with identical composition.”
From Optimization of non-coding regions for a non-modified mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Stabilizing coronavirus spike proteins by substituting two prolines at the top of heptad repeat 1 prevents structural rearrangements of the fusion (S2) subunit.”
From An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, S-2P conformational stability translates into greater immunogenicity,27-29 based on preservation of neutralization-sensitive epitopes at the apex of the prefusion molecule, as shown for respiratory syncytial virus F glycoprotein,30 and improved protein expression,27 which is particularly advantageous for gene-based antigen delivery.”
From An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
UCSF Chimera—A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis
Pettersen, E. F., Goddard, T. D., Huang, C. C., Couch, G. S., Greenblatt, D. M., Meng, E. C., & Ferrin, T. E. (2004) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.20084 · Cited by 46,047
Coot : model-building tools for molecular graphics
Emsley, P., & Cowtan, K. (2004) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444904019158 · Cited by 30,571
Phaser crystallographic software
McCoy, A. J., Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W., Adams, P. D., Winn, M. D., Storoni, L. C., & Read, R. J. (2007) · Journal of Applied Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0021889807021206 · Cited by 20,612
MolProbity : all-atom structure validation for macromolecular crystallography
Chen, V. B., Arendall, W. B., Headd, J. J., Keedy, D. A., Immormino, R. M., Kapral, G. J., Murray, L. W., Richardson, J. S., & Richardson, D. C. (2010) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444909042073 · Cited by 14,115
Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia
Zaki, A. M., van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T. M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., & Fouchier, R. A. M. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1211721 · Cited by 5,677
RELION: Implementation of a Bayesian approach to cryo-EM structure determination
Scheres, S. H. W. (2012) · Journal of Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2012.09.006 · Cited by 5,446
How good are my data and what is the resolution?
Evans, P. R., & Murshudov, G. N. (2013) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444913000061 · Cited by 4,743
Comparative Protein Structure Modeling Using MODELLER
Webb, B., & Šali, A. (2016) · Current Protocols in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/cpbi.3 · Cited by 4,404
PHENIX : building new software for automated crystallographic structure determination
Adams, P. D., Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W., Hung, L.-W., Ioerger, T. R., McCoy, A. J., Moriarty, N. W., Read, R. J., Sacchettini, J. C., Sauter, N. K., & Terwilliger, T. C. (2002) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444902016657 · Cited by 4,361
Ashkenazy, H., Abadi, S., Martz, E., Chay, O., Mayrose, I., Pupko, T., & Ben-Tal, N. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw408 · Cited by 3,163
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation
Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., Graham, B. S., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb2507 · Cited by 8,897
Self-citationStructure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., & Veesler, D. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.956581 · Cited by 8,586
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237
Self-citationRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study
Walsh, E. E., Frenck, R., Falsey, A. R., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Neuzil, K., Mulligan, M. J., Bailey, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651 · Cited by 2,615
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development
Krammer, F. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3 · Cited by 2,098
Metadata
- Authors
- Pallesen, J., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Wrapp, D., Kirchdoerfer, R. N., Turner, H. L., Cottrell, C. A., Becker, M. M., Wang, L., Shi, W., Kong, W.-P., Andres, E. L., Kettenbach, A. N., Denison, M. R., Chappell, J. D., Graham, B. S., Ward, A. B., & McLellan, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pallesen, Jesper
- Wang, Nianshuang
- Corbett, Kizzmekia S.
- Ward, Andrew B.
- McLellan, Jason S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2017-08-14
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- E7348-E7357
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5584442
- OpenAlex
- W2750464792
- Cited by
- 1,073
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 174 · 2021: 275 · 2020: 220 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 57.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI127521)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM113132)
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI005125)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- MERS-CoV, spike protein, structure-based vaccine design, neutralizing antibodies, receptor binding domain, receptor recognition, membrane fusion mechanism, coronavirus vaccines
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Coronaviridae, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Receptors, Virus, Structure-Activity Relationship, Vaccination, Viral Vaccines, Coronavirus Infections, Crystallography, X-Ray, Immunity, Humoral, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
