Cited by 590Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchMemory and Neural MechanismsMotor Control and Adaptation

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Sleep forms memory for finger skills

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Fischer, Stefan, Hallschmid, Manfred, Elsner, Anna Lisa, Born, Jan·2002·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Abstract

Practicing a motor skill triggers a process of memory consolidation that continues for hours after practice has ended, and becomes manifest in an improved skill at later testing. We used a sequential motor task (finger-to-thumb opposition task) to show that, in humans, the formation of motor skill memories essentially benefits from sleep. Independent of whether placed during daytime or nighttime, sleep after practice enhanced speed of sequence performance on average by 33.5% and reduced error rate by 30.1% as compared with corresponding intervals of wakefulness. The effect of sleep after learning proved to be stable when retesting was postponed for another night, to exclude effects of sleep loss and to assure that all subjects had sufficient sleep before retrieval testing. Also, the consolidating effect of sleep was specific for the motor sequence learned. It did not generalize to a similar sequence containing identical movement segments in a different order. Retention periods of wakefulness improved performance only moderately and only if placed during daytime. The observations demonstrate a critical role of sleep for storing and optimizing motor skills.

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Authors: Fischer, S., Hallschmid, M., Elsner, A. L., & Born, J.
Affiliations: University of Lübeck (DE)
Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
ORCID: Hallschmid, Manfred
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2002-08-22
Volume: 99
Issue: 18
Pages: 11987-11991
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.182178199
PMC: PMC129381
OpenAlex: W1973474480
Cited by: 589
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 8.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: sleep-dependent memory consolidation, motor skill learning, motor memory, sleep timing, motor skill retention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Fingers, Humans, Memory, Motor Activity, Sleep

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Sleep forms memory for finger skills

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