The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Effect of Inhomogeneity on Cosmological Models
Open accessAbstract
In the application of relativistic mechanics and relativistic thermodynamics to cosmology, it has been usual to consider homogeneous models of the universe, filled with an idealized fluid, which at any given time has the same properties throughout the whole of its spatial extent. This procedure has a certain heuristic justification on account of the greater mathematical simplicity of homogeneous as compared with non-homogeneous models, and has a measure of observational justification on account of the approximate uniformity in the large scale distribution of extra-galactic nebulae, which is found out to the some 108 light-years which the Mount Wilson 100-inch telescope has been able to penetrate. Nevertheless, it is evident that some preponderating tendency for inhomogeneities to disappear with time would have to be demonstrated, before such models could be used with confidence to obtain extrapolated conclusions as to the behavior of the universe in very distant regions or over exceedingly long periods of time.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Testing general relativity in cosmology
Ishak, M. (2019) · Living Reviews in Relativity · doi:10.1007/s41114-018-0017-4 · Cited by 449
The acceleration of the universe and the physics behind it
Uzan, J.-P. (2007) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-006-0385-z · Cited by 168
A non-singular universe with torsion
Kopczyński, W. (1972) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/0375-9601(72)90714-1 · Cited by 141
Maeda, H. (2006) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.73.104004 · Cited by 136
Metadata
- Authors
- Tolman, R. C.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1934-03
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 169-176
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W3021615542
- Cited by
- 1,078
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effect of Inhomogeneity on Cosmological Models. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.20.3.169
- The paper
- Tolman, R. C. (1934). Effect of Inhomogeneity on Cosmological Models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20.3.169
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
