The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The evolution of early Foraminifera
Open accessAbstract
Fossil Foraminifera appear in the Early Cambrian, at about the same time as the first skeletonized metazoans. However, due to the inadequate preservation of early unilocular (single-chambered) foraminiferal tests and difficulties in their identification, the evolution of early foraminifers is poorly understood. By using molecular data from a wide range of extant naked and testate unilocular species, we demonstrate that a large radiation of nonfossilized unilocular Foraminifera preceded the diversification of multilocular lineages during the Carboniferous. Within this radiation, similar test morphologies and wall types developed several times independently. Our findings indicate that the early Foraminifera were an important component of Neoproterozoic protistan community, whose ecological complexity was probably much higher than has been generally accepted.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON PHYLOGENIES: AN APPROACH USING THE BOOTSTRAP
Felsenstein, J. (1985) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x · Cited by 44,647
Kimura, M. (1980) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01731581 · Cited by 29,778
MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution.
Posada, D., & Crandall, K. A. (1998) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817 · Cited by 19,820
The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution
Rodríguez, F., Oliver, J. L., Marín, A., & Medina, J. R. (1990) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80104-3 · Cited by 2,324
SEAVIEW and PHYLO_WIN: two graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny
Galtier, N., Gouy, M., & Gautier, C. (1996) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/12.6.543 · Cited by 2,263
PHYLOGENIES FROM MOLECULAR SEQUENCES: INFERENCE AND RELIABILITY
Felsenstein, J. (1988) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.22.120188.002513 · Cited by 2,128
A new method for calculating evolutionary substitution rates
Lanave, C., Preparata, G., Sacone, C., & Serio, G. (1984) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf02101990 · Cited by 1,415
Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants
Heckman, D. S., Geiser, D. M., Eidell, B. R., Stauffer, R. L., Kardos, N. L., & Hedges, S. B. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1061457 · Cited by 1,020
Butterfield, N. J. (2000) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:bpngns>2.0.co;2 · Cited by 714
Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities
(1983) · Topics in Geobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0740-3 · Cited by 657
Cited by
Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis
Gold, D. A., Grabenstatter, J., de Mendoza, A., Riesgo, A., Ruiz-Trillo, I., & Summons, R. E. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512614113 · Cited by 145
Testing the protozoan hypothesis for Ediacaran fossils: a developmental analysis of Palaeopascichnus
ANTCLIFFE, J. B., GOODAY, A. J., & BRASIER, M. D. (2011) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01058.x · Cited by 83
Self-citationPossible early foraminiferans in post-Sturtian (716−635 Ma) cap carbonates
Bosak, T., Lahr, D. J. G., Pruss, S. B., Macdonald, F. A., Gooday, A. J., Dalton, L., & Matys, E. D. (2012) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g32535.1 · Cited by 82
“At least some of early Foraminifera may have had mineral-rich tests (Pawlowski et al., 2003) and could have thrived in microbially dominated, oxygen-poor environments (Bernhard et al., 2006), leaving a fossil record.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNon-Skeletal Biomineralization by Eukaryotes: Matters of Moment and Gravity
Raven, J. A., & Knoll, A. H. (2010) · Geomicrobiology Journal · doi:10.1080/01490451003702990 · Cited by 59
Oxygen and Early Animal Evolution
Xiao, S. (2014) · Treatise on Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.01310-3 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Pawlowski, J., Holzmann, M., Berney, C., Fahrni, J., Gooday, A. J., Cedhagen, T., Habura, A., & Bowser, S. S.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2003-09-22
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 11494-11498
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W1971114304
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 35
- FWCI
- 3.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The evolution of early Foraminifera. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.2035132100
- The paper
- Pawlowski, J., Holzmann, M., Berney, C., Fahrni, J., Gooday, A. J., Cedhagen, T., Habura, A., & Bowser, S. S. (2003). The evolution of early Foraminifera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2035132100
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.