Gluing blood into gel by electrostatic interaction using a water-soluble polymer as an embolic agent
Open accessAbstract
Liquid embolic agents are widely used for the endovascular embolization of vascular conditions. However, embolization based on phase transition is limited by the adhesion of the microcatheter to the embolic agent, use of an organic solvent, unintentional catheter retention, and other complications. By mimicking thrombus formation, a water-soluble polymer that rapidly glues blood into a gel without triggering coagulation was developed. The polymer, which consists of cationic and aromatic residues with adjacent sequences, shows electrostatic adhesion with negatively charged blood substances in a physiological environment, while common polycations cannot. Aqueous polymer solutions are injectable through clinical microcatheters and needles. The formed blood gel neither adhered to the catheter nor blocked the port. Postoperative computed tomography imaging showed that the polymer can block the rat femoral artery in vivo and remain at the injection site without nontarget embolization. This study provides an alternative for the development of waterborne embolic agents.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
BA and PEA effectively expel water from the contact interface, and when neighbouring with ATAC, they could enhance electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged glass surface.
“This is because BA and PEA effectively expel water from the contact interface, and, when neighbouring with ATAC (Supplementary Fig. 11), they could enhance electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged glass surface27,40–43 (Supplementary Fig. 12).”
From Data-driven de novo design of super-adhesive hydrogels (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
The Conclusions (page unavailable) state that polymers with adjacent cationic and aromatic groups interact electrostatically with negatively charged blood substances in saline water; the Formation of Blood Gel section contrasts this with ATAC alone. Our copy does not establish that BA and PEA expel interfacial water or that they enhance interaction specifically with a negatively charged glass surface. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Intermolecular and Surface Forces
(2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2011-0-05119-0 · Cited by 9,144 · see citing works
How it all starts: Initiation of the clotting cascade
Smith, S. A., Travers, R. J., & Morrissey, J. H. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.3109/10409238.2015.1050550 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Shear-Thinning Nanocomposite Hydrogels for the Treatment of Hemorrhage
Gaharwar, A. K., Avery, R. K., Assmann, A., Paul, A., McKinley, G. H., Khademhosseini, A., & Olsen, B. D. (2014) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn503719n · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Adjacent cationic–aromatic sequences yield strong electrostatic adhesion of hydrogels in seawater
Fan, H., Wang, J., Tao, Z., Huang, J., Rao, P., Kurokawa, T., & Gong, J. P. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13171-9 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationBruus, H. (1997) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199235087.001.0001 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Advances in Biomaterials and Technologies for Vascular Embolization
Hu, J., Albadawi, H., Chong, B. W., Deipolyi, A. R., Sheth, R. A., Khademhosseini, A., & Öklü, R. (2019) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201901071 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
An injectable shear-thinning biomaterial for endovascular embolization
Avery, R. K., Albadawi, H., Akbari, M., Zhang, Y. S., Duggan, M., Sahani, D. V., Olsen, B. D., Khademhosseini, A., & Öklü, R. (2016) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5533 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Brain arteriovenous malformations
Chen, C., Ding, D., Derdeyn, C. P., Lanzino, G. S., Friedlander, R. M., Southerland, A. M., Lawton, M. T., & Sheehan, J. P. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010968 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Injectability Evaluation: An Open Issue
Cilurzo, F., Selmin, F., Minghetti, P., Adami, M., Bertoni, E., Lauria, S., & MONTANARI, L. (2011) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-011-9625-y · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Vollherbst, D. F., Chapot, R., Bendszus, M., & Möhlenbruch, M. A. (2021) · Clinical Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00062-021-01066-6 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Fan, L., Duan, M., Xie, Z., Pan, K., Wang, X., Sun, X., Wang, Q., Rao, W., & Liu, J. (2019) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201903421 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Polymeric materials for embolic and chemoembolic applications
Poursaid, A. E., Jensen, M. M., Huo, E. J., & Ghandehari, H. (2016) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.033 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Schimmel, K., Ali, M. K., Tan, S. Y., Teng, J. M. C., Do, H. M., Steinberg, G. K., Stevenson, D. A., & Spiekerkoetter, E. F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22169037 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Non-adhesive cyanoacrylate as an embolic material for endovascular neurosurgery
OOWAKI, H., Matsuda, S., Sakai, N., Ohta, T., Iwata, H., Sadato, A., Taki, W., Hashimoto, N., & Ikada, Y. (2000) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/s0142-9612(99)00278-1 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Vo, A., Doumit, M., & Rockwell, G. M. (2016) · Journal of Medical Engineering · doi:10.1155/2016/5162394 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Water‐Borne Endovascular Embolics Inspired by the Undersea Adhesive of Marine Sandcastle Worms
Jones, J. P., Sima, M., O’Hara, R. G., & Stewart, R. J. (2016) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201500825 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ööpik, V., Saaremets, I., Medijainen, L., Karelson, K., Janson, T., & Timpmann, S. (2003) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.6.485 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Interventional Management of Arteriovenous Malformations
Soulez, G., Gilbert, P., Giroux, M.-F., Racicot, J.-N., & Dubois, J. (2019) · Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology · doi:10.1016/j.tvir.2019.100633 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Advancements in the development on new liquid embolic agents for use in therapeutic embolisation
Lord, J., Britton, H. C., Spain, S. G., & Lewis, A. L. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d0tb01576h · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mueller, L. P., Theurich, S., Christopeit, M., Grothe, W., Mütherig, A., Weber, T., Guenther, S., & Behre, G. (2007) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00851.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kaibara, M. (1996) · Biorheology · doi:10.1016/0006-355x(96)00010-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Yang, H., Lei, K., Zhou, F., Yang, X., An, Q., Zhu, W. P., Yu, L., & Ding, J. (2019) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.075 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Siekmann, R. (2005) · Interventional Neuroradiology · doi:10.1177/15910199050110s117 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A comparative study between platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma effects on angiogenesis
Shahidi, M., Vatanmakanian, M., Kourosh‐Arami, M., Shirazi, F. S., Esmaeili, N., Hydarporian, S., & Jafari, S. (2017) · Medical Molecular Morphology · doi:10.1007/s00795-017-0168-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Review of treatment and therapeutic targets in brain arteriovenous malformation
Pan, P., Weinsheimer, S., Cooke, D. L., Winkler, E. A., Abla, A. A., Kim, H., & Su, H. (2021) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x211026771 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Role of albumin in cirrhosis: from a hospitalist’s perspective
Walayat, S., Martin, D. K., Patel, J., Ahmed, U. S., Asghar, M. N., Pai, A. U., & Dhillon, S. (2017) · Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives · doi:10.1080/20009666.2017.1302704 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kim, S., Nowicki, K. W., Gross, B. A., & Wagner, W. R. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121109 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Facile tuning of hydrogel properties by manipulating cationic-aromatic monomer sequences
Fan, H., Cai, Y., & Gong, J. P. (2021) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11426-021-1010-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationImaging Artifacts of Liquid Embolic Agents on Conventional CT in an Experimental in Vitro Model
Schmitt, N., Floca, R. O., Paech, D., Shafie, R. A. E., Şeker, F., Bendszus, M., Möhlenbruch, M. A., & Vollherbst, D. F. (2020) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a6867 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Şentürk, Ç. (2015) · CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00270-015-1095-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Higashino, N., Sonomura, T., Fukuda, K., Ikoma, A., Okuhira, R., Ueda, S., & Kawai, N. (2020) · CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00270-020-02681-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
In Vivo Sol–Gel Reaction of Tantalum Alkoxide for Endovascular Embolization
Ko, G., Choi, J. W., Shin, K., Kim, Y. G., Kang, T., Kim, D., Lee, N., Kim, H., & Hyeon, T. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202101908 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The infusion effect in postmortem lung CT
Hyodoh, H. H., Matoba, K., Murakami, M., Saito, A., Okuya, N., Matoba, T., & Jin, S. (2020) · Forensic Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.fri.2020.200367 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Data-driven de novo design of super-adhesive hydrogels
Liao, H., Hu, S., Yang, H., Wang, L., Tanaka, S., Takigawa, I., Li, W., Fan, H., & Gong, J. P. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09269-4 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationJanus particle-engineered structural lipiodol droplets for arterial embolization
Tao, S., Lin, B., Zhou, H., Sha, S., Hao, X., Wang, X., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Pan, J., Xu, J., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41322-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fusible and Radiopaque Microspheres for Embolization
Li, J., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Ding, Y., Gao, W., Tan, Y., Ge, N., Chen, Y., Ge, S., et al. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202405224 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Yang, Y., An, Y., Yang, Z., Fu, B., Chen, Z., Zheng, X., Xu, B., Shen, W., Wang, Y., & He, Y. (2023) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.3c02629 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Zeng, Y., Yang, S., Tian, Z., Huang, Z., Xiong, S., Mukwaya, V., Tan, Z., Zhi, K., Qu, L., & Dou, H. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202422686 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zhao, M., Guo, X., Su, C., Li, M., Wang, X., Pan, D., Wang, L., Xu, Y., Chen, C., Yang, M., et al. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202400960 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Toward Next-Generation Ingestible Hydrogels
Liu, G. W., Su, R., Osterling, B. L. G., Carrazco, R., & Feig, V. R. (2025) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00902 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Recent Progress on Water-based Liquid Embolic Agents in Endovascular Treatment
Qi, Y., & Fan, H. (2024) · Chemical Research in Chinese Universities · doi:10.1007/s40242-024-4060-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, S., Nowicki, K. W., Kohyama, K., Mittal, A. M., Ye, S., Wang, K., Fujii, T., Rajesh, S., Cao, C., Mantena, R. V., et al. (2024) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00321 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nishiguchi, A., Ohta, M., Palai, D., Ito, S., Mori, K., Akagi, R., Olivier, B. C. M., Lambard, G., Sodeyama, K., & Taguchi, T. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202403784 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Luo, J., Song, G., Zuo, B., & Huo, M. (2024) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c01591 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, J., Chen, L., Zhou, B., Yang, X., Chen, X., Lu, Z., Wan, J., Du, Q. B., Zheng, C., Zhao, Y., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.167741 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chen, L., Guo, Z., Chen, M., Liu, O., Xiao, Q., Ma, Y., Chen, P., Huang, Y., Wang, H., Zhu, K., et al. (2025) · Advanced Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.apt.2025.104806
Design of underwater adhesive hydrogels: from biomimetic experience to data-driven approaches
Fan, H., & Hu, Y. (2025) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb-2025-5454
Self-citationOhkawa, K., Itaka, H., Nguyen, T., Kaur, H., Jin, C., Malvar, B. M., Back, R., Khosropour, P., Suzuki, S., Hsu, F. P. K., et al. (2026) · Biomedical Materials & Devices · doi:10.1007/s44174-026-00652-x
Recent Advances in Oriented Hydrogels: From Fundamental Mechanisms to Future Challenges
Xu, C., & 庄熙晶 (2026) · SusMat · doi:10.1002/sus2.70104
- Authors
- Jin, Z., Fan, H., Osanai, T., Nonoyama, T., Kurokawa, T., Hyodoh, H., Matoba, K., Takeuchi, A., Gong, J. P., & Fujimura, M.
- Affiliations
- Hokkaido University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Fan, Hailong
- Osanai, Toshiya
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2022-10-10
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- e2206685119-e2206685119
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC9586266
- OpenAlex
- W4304098326
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers (Hokkaido University) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23K21134, 20K10287, 21K14676, 22H04968)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Vascular Anomalies and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hemostasis and retained surgical items
- Keywords
- water-soluble polymers, liquid embolic agents, endovascular embolization, electrostatic interactions, cationic polymers, femoral artery occlusion, nontarget embolization, injectable polymers
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Embolization, Therapeutic, Polymers, Solvents, Water, Rats, Static Electricity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
