The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A General Theory of Carcinogenesis
Open accessAbstract
A general hypothesis of carcinogenesis is proposed consisting of the following features: ( 1 ) It is suggested that all cells possess multiple structural genes ( Tr ) capable of coding for transforming factors which can release the cell from its normal constraints on growth. ( 2 ) In adult cells they are suppressed by diploid pairs of regulatory genes and some of the transforming genes are tissue specific. ( 3 ) The Tr loci are temporarily activated at some stage of embryogenesis and possibly during some stage of the cell cycle in adult cells. ( 4 ) Spontaneous tumors, or tumors induced by chemicals or radiation, arise as the result of a double mutation of any set of regulatory genes releasing the suppression of the corresponding Tr genes and leading to transformation of the cell. ( 5 ) Autosomal dominant hereditary tumors, such as retinoblastoma, are the result of germ-line inheritance of one inactive regulatory gene. Subsequent somatic mutation of the other regulatory gene leads to tumor formation. ( 6 ) The Philadelphia chromosome produces inactivation of one regulatory gene by position effect. A somatic mutation of the other leads to chronic myelogenous leukemia. ( 7 ) Oncogenic viruses evolved by the extraction of host Tr genes with their conversion to viral transforming genes. As a result, in addition to the above mechanisms, tumors may also be produced by the reintroduction of these genes into susceptible host cells.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
ROWLEY, J. D. (1973) · Nature · doi:10.1038/243290a0 · Cited by 4,291
Cited by
A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
Friend, S. H., Bernards, R., Rogelj, S., Weinberg, R. A., Rapaport, J. M., Albert, D. M., & Dryja, T. P. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/323643a0 · Cited by 2,948
DeCaprio, J. A., Ludlow, J. W., Lynch, D., Furukawa, Y., Griffin, J., Piwnica-Worms, H., Huang, C.-M., & Livingston, D. M. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90507-2 · Cited by 897
Regulating tumor suppressor genes: post-translational modifications
Chen, L., Liu, S., & Tao, Y. (2020) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-0196-9 · Cited by 449
5-Methylcytosine, Gene Regulation, and Cancer
(1983) · Advances in Cancer Research · doi:10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60678-8 · Cited by 422
Human Cell Hybrids: Analysis of Transformation and Tumorigenicity
Stanbridge, E. J., Der, C. J., Doersen, C.-J., Nishimi, R. Y., Peehl, D. M., Weissman, B. E., & Wilkinson, J. E. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7053574 · Cited by 340
Metadata
- Authors
- Comings, D. E.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1973-12
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3324-3328
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2072627259
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 4.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A General Theory of Carcinogenesis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.70.12.3324
- The paper
- Comings, D. E. (1973). A General Theory of Carcinogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.70.12.3324
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
