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Viroids are single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures
Open accessAbstract
Viroids are uncoated infectious RNA molecules pathogenic to certain higher plants. Four different highly purified viroids were studied. By ultracentrifugation, thermal denaturation, electron microscopy, and end group analysis the following features were established: (i) the molecular weight of cucumber pale fruit viroid from tomato is 110,000, of citrus exocortis viroid from Gynura 119,000, of citrus exocortis viroid from tomato 119,000 and of potato spindle tuber viroid from tomato 127,000. (ii) Viroids are single-stranded molecules. (iii) Virods exhibit high thermal stability, cooperativity, and self-complementarity resulting in a rod-like native structure. (iv) Viroids are covalently closed circular RNA molecules.
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“circRNA was first identified in 197646 and was later detected in human cells.47”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sanger, H. L., Klotz, G., Riesner, D., Gross, H. J., & Kleinschmidt, A. K.
- Affiliations
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (DE)
- ORCID
- Gross, H J
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1976-11
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3852-3856
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC431239
- OpenAlex
- W2031593782
- Cited by
- 2,296
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 180 · 2024: 238 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 316 · 2021: 323 · 2020: 298 · 2019: 168 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 22.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Plant and Fungal Interactions Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Keywords
- viroids, circular RNA, single-stranded RNA, rod structures, base pairing, thermal stability, citrus exocortis viroid, potato spindle tuber viroid, molecular weight
- MeSH terms
- Centrifugation, Hydrogen Bonding, Microscopy, Electron, Molecular Weight, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Nucleic Acid Denaturation, Plant Diseases, Plant Viruses, Plants, Ribonucleotides, RNA
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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