Stereospecific conversion of prostaglandin D2 to (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9 alpha-11 beta,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (9 alpha,11 beta-prostaglandin F2) and of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin F2 alpha by bovine lung prostaglandin F synthase.
Open accessAbstract
A prostaglandin F (PGF) synthase was recently purified from bovine lung that catalyzed the reduction of both PGH2 and PGD2 but at different active sites on the enzyme. In view of the recent finding that PGD2 is stereospecifically reduced to a unique biologically active compound, (5Z, 13E)-(15S)-9 alpha, 11 beta, 15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2 or 11-epi-PGF2 alpha), by a human liver cytosolic enzyme, detailed characterization of the products formed from PGH2 and PGD2 by the bovine lung PGF synthase was carried out. Chromatographic characteristics of the products formed and stereochemical analysis procedures using mass spectrometry indicated that the enzyme stereospecifically reduces PGH2 to PGF2 alpha, whereas PGD2 is stereospecifically converted to 9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2. The finding that this enzyme catalyzes the formation of both C-11 hydroxy epimers of PGF2, albeit from different substrates, is of interest in that these two compounds may exert different biological actions.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
11-β-PGF2α is the principal immediate metabolic product of both PGD2 and PGE2.
“11-β-PGF 2α is the principal immediate metabolic product of both PGD 2 and PGE 2 [72][73][74].”
From Diagnosis of mast cell activation syndrome: a global "consensus-2" (2021) · cites this paper as [72]
Cites
On the Mechanism of the Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins E1 and F1α
Hámberg, M., & Samuelsson, B. O. (1967) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99433-0 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Response of Pregnant Human Uterus to Prostaglandin-F2 -induction of Labour
Karim, S. M. M., TRUSSELL, R. R., Patel, R. C., & Hillier, K. (1968) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5631.621 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Watanabe, K., Yoshida, R., Shimizu, T., & Hayaishi, O. (1985) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88884-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationListon, T. E., & Roberts, L. J. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.18.6030 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationDISTRIBUTION OF PROSTAGLANDINS IN HUMAN TISSUES
Karim, S. M. M., Sandler, M., & Williams, E. D. (1967) · British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1967.tb02003.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Wlodawer, P., Kindahl, H., & Hámberg, M. (1976) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(76)90224-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Evidence for the presence of a prostaglandin E2-9-keto reductase in rat organs
Leslie, C. A., & Levine, L. (1973) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(73)90996-0 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Lin, Y.-M., & Jarabak, J. (1978) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(78)91267-6 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
N-Butylboronate derivatives of the F prostaglandins
Pace-Asciak, C. R., & Wolfe, L. S. (1971) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)97786-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pace-Asciak, C. R., & Wolfe, L. S. (1970) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(70)90017-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDINS ON HUMAN PREGNANT MYOMETRIUM IN VITRO
Embrey, M. P., & Morrison, D. L. (1968) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1968.tb01600.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
THE ACTIVE RESPONSES OF PULMONARY VEINS IN INTACT DOGS TO PROSTAGLANDINS F2 ALPHA AND E1
Hyman, A. L. (1969) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)28188-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Purification and partial characterization of prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase in rabbit liver
Wong, P. Y.-K. (1981) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology · doi:10.1016/0005-2744(81)90281-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Prostanoic acid chemistry. II. Hydrogenation studies and preparation of 11-deoxyprostaglandins
Lincoln, F. H., Schneider, W. P., & Pike, J. E. (1973) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jo00945a024 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A novel prostaglandin 11-keto reductase found in rabbit liver
Reingold, D. F., Kawasaki, A., & Needleman, P. (1981) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology · doi:10.1016/0005-2744(81)90282-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin D2 to prostaglandin F2α
Hensby, C. N. (1974) · Prostaglandins · doi:10.1016/0090-6980(74)90111-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Prostaglandin F2α produced by rabbit renal slices is not a metabolite of prostaglandin E2
Qureshi, Z., & Cagen, L. M. (1982) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(82)91385-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Aldo-Keto Reductase Superfamily and its Role in Drug Metabolism and Detoxification
Barski, O. A., Tipparaju, S. M., & Bhatnagar, A. (2008) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602530802431439 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Prostaglandin D synthase: Structure and function
Urade, Y., & Hayaishi, O. (2000) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(00)58022-4 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationCyclooxygenase Metabolism of Endogenous Arachidonic Acid by Cultured Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells
Churchill, L., Chilton, F. H., Resau, J. H., Bascom, R., Hubbard, W. C., & Proud, D. (1989) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/140.2.449 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Madore, É., Harvey, N., Parent, J., Chapdelaine, P., Arosh, J. A., & Fortier, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m208318200 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Watanabe, K., Fujii, Y., Nakayama, K., Ohkubo, H., Kuramitsu, S., Kagamiyama, H., Nakanishi, S., & Hayaishi, O. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.1.11 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationOccurrence of 9-deoxy-delta 9,delta 12-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin D2 in human urine.
Hirata, Y., Hayashi, H., Ito, S., Kikawa, Y., Ishibashi, M., Sudo, M., Miyazaki, H., Fukushima, M., Narumiya, S., & Hayaishi, O. (1988) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37435-0 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationWatanabe, K. (2002) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00044-8 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationcDNA cloning, expression and characterization of human prostaglandin F synthase1
Suzuki-Yamamoto, T., Nishizawa, M., Fukui, M., Okuda‐Ashitaka, E., Nakajima, T., Ito, S., & Watanabe, K. (1999) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01551-3 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationBasu, S. (2006) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.20098 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Endocannabinoids and their oxygenation by cyclo-oxygenases, lipoxygenases and other oxygenases
Urquhart, P., Nicolaou, A., & Woodward, D. F. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.015 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Diagnosis of mast cell activation syndrome: a global "consensus-2"
Afrin, L. B., Ackerley, M. B., Bluestein, L. S., Brewer, J. H., Brook, J. B., Buchanan, A. D., Cuni, J. R., Davey, W. P., Dempsey, T. T., Dorff, S. R., et al. (2021) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2020-0005 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Ram, A., Pandey, H. P., Matsumura, H., Kasahara-Orita, K., Nakajima, T., Takahata, R., Satoh, S., Terao, A., & Hayaishi, O. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01401-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationProstaglandin D, E, and F synthases
Urade, Y., Watanabe, K., & Hayaishi, O. (1995) · Journal of Lipid Mediators and Cell Signalling · doi:10.1016/0929-7855(95)00032-l · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationCrystal Structure of Human Prostaglandin F Synthase (AKR1C3),
Komoto, J., Yamada, T., Watanabe, K., & Takusagawa, F. (2004) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi036046x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of a Novel Prostaglandin F2α Synthase in Trypanosoma brucei
Kubata, B. K., Duszenko, M., Kabututu, Z. P., Rawer, M., Szallies, A., Fujimori, K., Inui, T., Nozaki, T., Yamashita, K., Horii, T., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.9.1327 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationProstanoid receptors: ontogeny and implications in vascular physiology
Wright, D. H., Abran, D., Bhattacharya, M., Hou, X., Bernier, S. G., Bouayad, A., Fouron, J., Vazquez‐Tello, A., Beauchamp, M., Clyman, R. I., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.5.r1343 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Song, W., Wang, M., Ricciotti, E., Fries, S., Yu, Y., Großer, T., Reilly, M. P., Lawson, J. A., & FitzGerald, G. A. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m706839200 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A superfamily of NADPH-dependent reductases in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Carper, D. A., Wistow, G. J., Nishimura, C., Graham, C., Watanabe, K., Fujii, Y., Hayashi, H., & Hayaishi, O. (1989) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4835(89)90048-1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, H., Sprecher, H. W., & Kolattukudy, P. E. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.46.30131 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
cDNA Cloning, Expression, and Mutagenesis Study of Liver-type Prostaglandin F Synthase
Suzuki, T., Fujii, Y., Miyano, M., Chen, L., Takahashi, T., & Watanabe, K. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.1.241 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationInsights into the Prostanoid Pathway in the Ovary Development of the Penaeid Shrimp Penaeus monodon
Wimuttisuk, W., Tobwor, P., Deenarn, P., Danwisetkanjana, K., Pinkaew, D., Kirtikara, K., & Vichai, V. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076934 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Fujimori, K., Ueno, T., Nagata, N., Kashiwagi, K., Aritake, K., Amano, F., & Urade, Y. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.077164 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Koda, N., Tsutsui, Y., Niwa, H., Ito, S., Woodward, D. F., & Watanabe, K. (2004) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.02.009 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationKomoto, J., Yamada, T., Watanabe, K., Woodward, D. F., & Takusagawa, F. (2006) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi051861t · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation9α,11β‐PGF2 and its stereoisomer PGF2α are novel agonists of the chemoattractant receptor, CRTH2
Sandig, H., Andrew, D. P., Barnes, A. A., Sabroe, I., & Pease, J. E. (2005) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.11.052 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Moriuchi, H., Koda, N., Okuda‐Ashitaka, E., Daiyasu, H., Ogasawara, K., Toh, H., Ito, S., Woodward, D. F., & Watanabe, K. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m705638200 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationPurification and characterization of rho-crystallin from Japanese common bullfrog lens.
Fujii, Y., Watanabe, K., Hayashi, H., Urade, Y., Kuramitsu, S., Kagamiyama, H., & Hayaishi, O. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38759-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSeibert, K., Sheller, J. R., & Roberts, L. J. (1987) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.84.1.256 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHayashi, H., Fujii, Y., Watanabe, K., Urade, Y., & Hayaishi, O. (1989) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85049-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationWendelborn, D., Seibert, K., & Roberts, L. J. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.2.304 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationUrade, Y., Watanabe, K., Eguchi, N., Fujii, Y., & Hayaishi, O. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38503-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationYoshikawa, K., Takei, S., Hasegawa‐Ishii, S., Chiba, Y., Furukawa, A., Kawamura, N., Hosokawa, M., Woodward, D. F., Watanabe, K., & Shimada, A. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.019 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationWolfe, L. S., & Pellerin, L. (1989) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb22599.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Keith, L., Ball, B. A., Scoggin, K. E. S., Esteller‐Vico, A., Woodward, E. M., Troedsson, M. H. T., & Squires, E. L. (2012) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.11.015 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kubata, B. K., Tsuyoshi Inoue, A., Okano, Y., Kabututu, Z. P., Martin, S. K., Lazarus, M., Duszenko, M., Sumii, Y., Kusakari, Y., Matsumura, H., et al. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m413884200 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Spatz, M., Stanimirovic, D. B., Uematsu, S., Roberts, L. J., Bembry, J., & McCarron, R. M. (1993) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/0952-3278(93)90027-t · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationEndo, S., Matsunaga, T., Arai, Y., Ikari, A., Tajima, K., El-Kabbani, O. A. L., Yamano, S., Hara, A., & Kitade, Y. (2014) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.113.056044 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation12(S)-HETE plays a role as a mediator of expression of platelet CD62 (P-selectin)
T, Y. O. H. I. Y. N. F. U. (1998) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537109876537 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ikeda, S., Okuda‐Ashitaka, E., Masu, Y., Suzuki, T., Watanabe, K., Nαkαo, M., Shingu, K., & Ito, S. (1999) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01243-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown, K. A., Boerboom, D., Bouchard, N., Doré, M., Lussier, J. G., & Sirois, J. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.1.01987 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mast Cells and Newly-Generated Lipid Mediators
Robinson, C. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1287-8_5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Determination of 9α,11β-prostaglandin F2 by stereospecific antibody in various rat tissues
Hayashi, H., Ito, S., Tanaka, T., Negishi, M., Kawabe, H., Hiromitsu, Y., Watanabe, K., & Hayaishi, O. (1987) · Prostaglandins · doi:10.1016/0090-6980(87)90275-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationWolfe, L. S., Rostworowski, K., Pellerin, L., & Sherwin, A. L. (1989) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07295.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Enzymatic formation of prostaglandin F2? in human brain
Hayashi, H., Fujii, Y., Watanabe, K., & Hayaishi, O. (1990) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf00969923 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSakurai, M., Oishi, K., & Watanabe, K. (2005) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.194 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationImmunocytochemical localization of prostaglandin F synthase II in the rat spinal cord
Suzuki-Yamamoto, T., Toida, K., Watanabe, K., & Ishimura, K. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04244-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSuzuki-Yamamoto, T., Sugimoto, Y., Ichikawa, A., & Ishimura, K. (2007) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-007-0316-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Eicosanoids
Yamamoto, S. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-091283-7.00008-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Colocalization of prostaglandin F2α receptor FP and prostaglandin F synthase-I in the spinal cord
Suzuki-Yamamoto, T., Toida, K., Sugimoto, Y., & Ishimura, K. (2009) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m800543-jlr200 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bertrand, J. A., Woodward, D. F., Sherwood, J. M., Spenlehauer, A., Silvestri, C., Piscitelli, F., Marzo, V. D., Yamazaki, M., Sakimura, K., Inoue, Y., et al. (2021) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102235 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationEndo, S., Matsunaga, T., Matsumoto, A., Arai, Y., Ohno, S., El-Kabbani, O. A. L., Tajima, K., Bunai, Y., Yamano, S., Hara, A., et al. (2013) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.024 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationEndo, K., Fukui, M., Mishima, M., & Watanabe, K. (2001) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5662 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationInvolvement of Glutathione Peroxidases in Prostaglandin Biosynthesis
Burgess, J. R., Yang, H., Chang, M., Hildenbrandt, G. R., Scholz, R. W., & Reddy, C. C. (1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-584552-6.50015-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Prostamide F2α Biosynthesizing Enzymes
Watanabe, K., & Woodward, D. F. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420126-2.00007-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationmPGES-1: a key regulator of fever and neonatal respiratory depression
Saha, S. (2006) · Figshare
Enzymic Synthesis and Degradation of Prostaglandin D2
Hayaishi, O., Urade, Y., & Watanabe, K. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-83118-8_41
Self-citationThe Use of HPLC in Studies of the Stereoselective Metabolism of Prostaglandin D2
Robinson, C. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9424-3_1
Garbacik, S. R. (2014) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Mediators in Bronchial Provocation Tests
Bono, N. D., & Bono, L. D. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2263-8_18
- Authors
- Watanabe, K., Iguchi, Y., Iguchi, S., Arai, Y., Hayaishi, O., & Roberts, L. J.
- ORCID
- Roberts, L J
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1986-03
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1583-1587
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC323127
- OpenAlex
- W2044540806
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 15431)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Eicosanoids and Hypertension Pharmacology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Aldose Reductase and Taurine
- Keywords
- prostaglandin F synthase, prostaglandin F2alpha, prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin H2, stereospecific reduction, bovine lung, prostaglandin synthesis, enzyme active site
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Binding Sites, Cattle, Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases, Lung, Molecular Conformation, Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic, Prostaglandins D, Prostaglandins F, Prostaglandins H, Substrate Specificity, Prostaglandin D2, Dinoprost, Prostaglandin H2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
