The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evolution of the genome and the genetic code: selection at the dinucleotide level by methylation and polyribonucleotide cleavage
Open accessAbstract
Noting the scarcity of CpG dinucleotide in total genomic DNA derived from higher organisms and the scarcity of TpA dinucleotide in total genomic DNA derived from most life forms, we examined the distribution of these dinucleotides in sequences derived from functionally distinct types of human DNA, including mitochondrial DNA, intergenic DNA, intron DNA, and DNA destined to be represented in the cytoplasm as mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. While CpG frequency has fallen to its lowest levels in DNA that is transcriptionally silent, TpA is most stringently excluded in DNA destined to be expressed as mRNA in the cytosol. This observation suggests that the selective pressures leading to the removal of CpG and TpA operate at different levels. With respect to TpA, dinucleotide scarcity may reflect a requirement for mRNA stability and may indicate the action of UpA-selective ribonucleases. We propose that, by reason of its instability, UpA must have been very rare in primordial RNA. Therefore, tRNA with the anticodon for this dinucleotide may have failed to evolve, making UpA the primordial doublet "stop" codon. The modern triplet code has faithfully conserved this arrangement in the two universal stop codons, UAA and UAG.
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“This suppression may be accounted for by the fact that TpA dinucleotide is present in two canonical stop codons (TAA and TAG) and that UpA dinculeotides in RNA are preferential targets for ribonucleases (Beutler et al., 1989).”
From Codon Pair Bias Is a Direct Consequence of Dinucleotide Bias (2016) · cites this paper as Beutler et al., 1989
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“In addition, TpA shows greater suppression in DNA that is destined for expression from mRNA in the cytosol (Beutler et al., 1989).”
From Codon Pair Bias Is a Direct Consequence of Dinucleotide Bias (2016) · cites this paper as Beutler et al., 1989
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A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX
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Self-citationDNA methylation and the frequency of CpG in animal DNA
Bird, A. P. (1980) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/8.7.1499 · Cited by 1,175
The CpG dinucleotide and human genetic disease
Cooper, D. N., & Youssoufian, H. (1988) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00278187 · Cited by 931
The sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome encodes a finger protein
Page, D. C., Mosher, R. A., Simpson, E. M., Fisher, E., Mardon, G., Pollack, J. R., McGillivray, B. C., de la Chapelle, A., & Brown, L. G. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90595-2 · Cited by 838
Enzymatic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Josse, J., Kaiser, A. D., & Kornberg, A. (1961) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64321-2 · Cited by 756
Synthetic oligonucleotide probes deduced from amino acid sequence data
Lathe, R. (1985) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(85)90276-1 · Cited by 749
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Karlin, S., Mrázek, J., & Campbell, A. (1997) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.179.12.3899-3913.1997 · Cited by 442
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Burge, C., Campbell, A., & Karlin, S. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.4.1358 · Cited by 371
COMPARATIVE DNA ANALYSIS ACROSS DIVERSE GENOMES
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Metadata
- Authors
- Beutler, E., Gelbart, T., Han, J. H., Koziol, J. A., & Beutler, B.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Clinic (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1989-01
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 192-196
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC286430
- OpenAlex
- W1969474212
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca045525-02, RR00833)
- National Cancer Institute (R01-CA45525)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-36639)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00833)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- CpG, DNA methylation, genetic code evolution, unnatural amino acids, UAG, mRNA stability, tRNA anticodon, mitochondrial DNA, transcriptional silencing
- MeSH terms
- Base Sequence, Chromosomes, Human, DNA, Mitochondrial, Biological Evolution, Genes, Genetic Code, Humans, Information Systems, Methylation, Ribonucleases, RNA, Selection, Genetic, Transcription, Genetic, Protein Biosynthesis, Dinucleoside Phosphates
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