The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A simple model for the immune network.
Open accessAbstract
In this note I present a simple model for the idiotypic network among antibodies and study its relevance for the maintenance of immunological memory; in particular, the memory capacity of such a model is studied. Some of the similarities with the spin glass model and with neural networks are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, the basic McCulloch–Pitts design is common to many other living systems, including gene regulatory networks [256–259], immune networks [260–262], collective intelligence [263–267] or some aneural systems, such as quorum-sensing decisions in microbial communities, where an explicit equivalence has been defined [268].”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [260]
Citations
Cites
Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities.
Hopfield, J. J. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554 · Cited by 19,270
Idiotypic Networks and Other Preconceived Ideas
Jerne, N. K., & Cocteau, J. (1984) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb00484.x · Cited by 543
Collective properties of neural networks: A statistical physics approach
Peretto, P. (1984) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00317939 · Cited by 267
SUPPRESSION OF IDIOTYPIC SPECIFICITIES IN ADULT MICE BY ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIIDIOTYPIC ANTIBODY
Hart, D. A., Wang, A.-L., Pawlak, L. L., & Nisonoff, A. (1972) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.135.6.1293 · Cited by 265
Genetics, Expression, and Function of Idiotypes
Rajewsky, K., & Takemori, T. (1983) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.iy.01.040183.003033 · Cited by 262
Idiotypic-anti-idiotypic regulation of antibody synthesis in rabbits.
Cazenave, P. (1977) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5122 · Cited by 218
Urbain, J., Wikler, M., Franssen, J.-D., & Collignon, C. (1977) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5126 · Cited by 209
Specific Inhibition of Plaque Formation to Phosphorylcholine by Antibody against Antibody
Cosenza, H., & Köhler, H. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.176.4038.1027 · Cited by 197
Dynamics of spin systems with randomly asymmetric bonds: Langevin dynamics and a spherical model
Crisanti, A., & Sompolinsky, H. (1987) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.36.4922 · Cited by 189
Immunization of mice against African trypanosomiasis using anti-idiotypic antibodies.
Sacks, D. L., Esser, K. M., & Sher, A. (1982) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.155.4.1108 · Cited by 188
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The yeast cell-cycle network is robustly designed
Li, F., Long, T., Lu, Y., Ouyang, Q., & Tang, C. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0305937101 · Cited by 1,090
Perelson, A. S., & Weisbuch, G. (1997) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.69.1219 · Cited by 574
Perelson, A. S. (1989) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1989.tb00025.x · Cited by 374
Immunological Computation: Theory and Applications
Dasgupta, D., & Niño, F. (2008) · Cited by 193
Mackay, C. R. (1993) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60501-5 · Cited by 173
Equilibrium statistical mechanics of bipartite spin systems
Adriano Barra, A., Genovese, G., & Guerra, F. (2011) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/44/24/245002 · Cited by 84
Localized memories in idiotypic networks
Weisbuch, G., de Boer, R. J., & Perelson, A. S. (1990) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80374-1 · Cited by 83
Topological Characterization of Complex Systems: Using Persistent Entropy
Merelli, E., Rucco, M., Sloot, P. M. A., & Tesei, L. (2015) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e17106872 · Cited by 60
The evolution of mathematical immunology
Louzoun, Y. (2007) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00495.x · Cited by 54
A comparative analysis of artificial immune network models
Galeano, J. C., Veloza-Suan, A., & Gonzalez, F. A. (2005) · Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) · doi:10.1145/1068009.1068066 · Cited by 54
Immune networks: multitasking capabilities near saturation
Agliari, E., Annibale, A., Barra, A., Coolen, A. C. C., & Tantari, D. (2013) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/46/41/415003 · Cited by 52
A mechanical approach to mean field spin models
Genovese, G., & Adriano Barra, A. (2009) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.3131687 · Cited by 50
Replica symmetry breaking in mean-field spin glasses through the Hamilton–Jacobi technique
Barra, A., Biasio, A. D., & Guerra, F. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2010/09/p09006 · Cited by 43
Immune networks: multitasking capabilities near saturationPreprint
Agliari, E., Annibale, A., Adriano Barra, A., Coolen, A. C. C., & Tantari, D. (2013) · Cited by 44
Free Energy and Complexity of Spherical Bipartite Models
Auffinger, A., & Chen, W. (2014) · Journal of Statistical Physics · doi:10.1007/s10955-014-1073-0 · Cited by 43
A thermodynamic perspective of immune capabilities
Agliari, E., Adriano Barra, A., Guerra, F., & Moauro, F. (2011) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.07.027 · Cited by 40
A shape space approach to the dynamics of the immune system
Weisbuch, G. (1990) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80027-x · Cited by 42
Statistical physics of liquid brains
Piñero, J., & Solé, R. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0376 · Cited by 39
The Natural Autoantibody Repertoire in Newborns and Adults
Madi, A., Bransburg‐Zabary, S., Kenett, D. Y., Ben‐Jacob, E., & Cohen, I. R. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_15 · Cited by 35
Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems
Solé, R., Kempes, C. P., Corominas-Murtra, B., De Domenico, M., Kolchinsky, A., Lachmann, M., Libby, E., Saavedra, S., Smith, E., & Wolpert, D. (2024) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2024.0010 · Cited by 34
“…the basic McCulloch–Pitts design is common to many other living systems, including gene regulatory networks [256–259], immune networks [260–262], collective intelligence [263–267] or some aneural systems, such as quorum-sensing decisions in microbial communities, where an explicit…”
BackgroundAnergy in self-directed B lymphocytes: A statistical mechanics perspective
Agliari, E., Barra, A., Del Ferraro, G., Guerra, F., & Tantari, D. (2015) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.05.006 · Cited by 34
A statistical mechanics approach to autopoietic immune networks
Barra, A., & Agliari, E. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2010/07/p07004 · Cited by 31
Immune networks: multi-tasking capabilities at medium load
Agliari, E., Annibale, A., Adriano Barra, A., Coolen, A. C. C., & Tantari, D. (2013) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/46/33/335101 · Cited by 31
Topology driven modeling: the IS metaphor
Merelli, E., Pettini, M., & Rasetti, M. (2014) · Natural Computing · doi:10.1007/s11047-014-9436-7 · Cited by 29
Mean field bipartite spin models treated with mechanical techniques
Barra, A., Galluzzi, A., Guerra, F., Pizzoferrato, A., & Tantari, D. (2014) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2014-40952-4 · Cited by 28
A model of an autocatalytic network formed by error-prone self-replicative species
Nuño, J. C., Andrade, M. A., Morán, F., & Montero, F. (1993) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/bf02460889 · Cited by 25
The immune system as a neural network: A multi-epitope approach
Vertosick, F. T., & Kelly, R. H. (1991) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80334-0 · Cited by 24
Parallel processing in immune networks
Agliari, E., Adriano Barra, A., Bartolucci, S., Galluzzi, A., Guerra, F., & Moauro, F. (2013) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.87.042701 · Cited by 21
Neural Modulation of Immunity: Conditioning Phenomena and the Adaptability of Lymphoid Cells
Grossman, Z., Herberman, R. B., & Livnat, S. (1992) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207459209000555 · Cited by 23
Toward a quantitative approach to migrants integration
Barra, A., & Contucci, P. (2010) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/89/68001 · Cited by 20
Collective Sensing of β-Cells Generates the Metabolic Code
Korošak, D., & Rupnik, M. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00031 · Cited by 24
The Ground State Energy and Concentration of Complexity in Spherical Bipartite Models
Kivimae, P. (2023) · Communications in Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/s00220-023-04733-6 · Cited by 20
Interpolating the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick replica trick
Adriano Barra, A., Guerra, F., & Mingione, E. (2011) · The Philosophical Magazine A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics · doi:10.1080/14786435.2011.637979 · Cited by 19
Replica Symmetry Breaking in Multi-species Sherrington–Kirkpatrick Model
Bates, E., Sloman, L., & Sohn, Y. (2019) · Journal of Statistical Physics · doi:10.1007/s10955-018-2197-4 · Cited by 21
Equilibrium statistical mechanics on correlated random graphs
Adriano Barra, A., & Agliari, E. (2010) · Cited by 18
Memory capacity in large idiotypic networks
de Monvel, J. B., & Martin, O. (1995) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/bf02458319 · Cited by 18
From Pavlov Conditioning to Hebb Learning
Agliari, E., Aquaro, M., Adriano Barra, A., Fachechi, A., & Marullo, C. (2023) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01578 · Cited by 20
Immune system modelling by top-down and bottom-up approaches
Bianca, C., & Pennisi, M. A. (2012) · PORTO@Iris · Cited by 16
Retrieving infinite numbers of patterns in a spin-glass model of immune networks
Agliari, E., Annibale, A., Adriano Barra, A., Coolen, A. C. C., & Tantari, D. (2017) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/117/28003 · Cited by 16
Zero-temperature phase of the XY spin glass in two dimensions: Genetic embedded matching heuristic
Weigel, M., & Gingras, M. J. P. (2008) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.77.104437 · Cited by 16
Mathematical Modelling of the Immune System
Motta, S., & Brusić, V. (2004) · Natural computing series · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18734-6_10 · Cited by 13
Formation and Stability of a Memory State in the Immune Network
Sonoda, T. (1992) · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan · doi:10.1143/jpsj.61.1408 · Cited by 13
Poskitt, D. C., Jean-François, M. J. B., Turnbull, S., Macdonald, L., & Yasmeen, D. (1991) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.1991.11 · Cited by 12
Multifaceted Kinetics of Immuno-Evasion from Tumor Dormancy
d’Onofrio, A. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_7 · Cited by 11
Notes on ferromagnetic diluted p-spin model
Agliar, E., Adriano Barra, A., & Camboni, F. (2011) · Reports on Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1016/s0034-4877(11)60024-4 · Cited by 11
Li, Z., Li, J., He, C., Tang, C., & Zhou, J. (2015) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2015.01.056 · Cited by 10
Randomly evolving idiotypic networks: Structural properties and architecture
Schmidtchen, H., Thüne, M., & Behn, U. (2012) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.86.011930 · Cited by 10
The Role of Computational Models of the Immune System in Designing Vaccination Strategies
Castiglione, F., & Liso, A. (2005) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/08923970500241030 · Cited by 10
Equilibrium statistical mechanics on correlated random graphs
Adriano Barra, A., & Agliari, E. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2011/02/p02027 · Cited by 20
New perspectives in the equilibrium statistical mechanics approach to social and economic sciences
Agliari, E., Adriano Barra, A., Burioni, R., & Contucci, P. (2010) · Modeling and simulation in science, engineering & technology · doi:10.1007/978-0-8176-4946-3_6 · Cited by 9
Uncovering the non-equilibrium stationary properties in sparse Boolean networks
Torrisi, G., Kühn, R., & Annibale, A. (2022) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/ac66d0 · Cited by 9
A quantitative model suggests immune memory involves the colocalization of B and Th cells
Antia, R., Levin, B. R., & Williamson, P. (1991) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80576-4 · Cited by 9
An introduction to the immune network
Giorgio Parisi, A. (1994) · Nuovo cimento della Società italiana di fisica. A, Nuclei, particles and fields · doi:10.1007/bf02730864 · Cited by 8
Dynamic and Topological Interplay in Adaptive Networks
Blasius, B., & Groß, T. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9783527628001.ch3 · Cited by 8
Variational kinetic clustering of complex networks
Koskin, V., Kells, A., Clayton, J., Hartmann, A. K., Annibale, A., & Rosta, E. (2022) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0105099 · Cited by 7
Torrisi, G., Annibale, A., & Kühn, R. (2021) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.104.045313 · Cited by 7
The Molecularization of Immunology
Tauber, A. I. (1996) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-31233-0_8 · Cited by 7
A pendular mechanism for maintenance of the immune memory
Seledtsov, V. I., & Seledtsova, G. V. (2001) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1132 · Cited by 7
Contributions of memory B cells to secondary immune response
Guan, S.-G., & Qi, A.-S. (1995) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/bf02461848 · Cited by 7
Bartolucci, S., & Annibale, A. (2015) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2015/08/p08017 · Cited by 7
Introduction: Speculations Concerning the Origins of the Self
Tauber, A. I. (1991) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3406-4_1 · Cited by 6
Stable State Analysis of an Immune Network Model
Castellani, G., Giberti, C., Franceschi, C., & Bersani, F. (1998) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127498000991 · Cited by 6
The Notion of Scientific Knowledge in Biology
Morante, S., & Rossi, G. C. (2016) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-015-9803-5 · Cited by 5
Contributions of memory b cells to secondary immune response*
GUAN, S., & QI, A. (1995) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1016/0092-8240(95)00018-l · Cited by 5
Learning and memory in spin-glass-like immune networks
Lefèvre, O., & Giorgio Parisi, A. (1993) · Network Computation in Neural Systems · doi:10.1088/0954-898x/4/1/004 · Cited by 5
Critical properties of disordered XY model on sparse random graphsPreprint
Lupo, C. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1706.08899 · Cited by 9
Flocking with random nonreciprocal interactions
Choi, J., Noh, J. D., & Rieger, H. (2025) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/y26b-qfym · Cited by 4
Mesoscopic behavior from microscopic Markov dynamics and its application to calcium release channels
Christian, N., Skupin, A., Morante, S., Jansen, K., Rossi, G. C., & Ebenhöh, O. (2013) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.11.010 · Cited by 4
The role of idiotypic interactions in the adaptive immune system: a belief-propagation approach
Bartolucci, S., Mozeika, A., & Annibale, A. (2016) · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment · doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2016/08/083402 · Cited by 4
On the Marchenko–Pastur law in analog bipartite spin-glasses*
Agliari, E., Alemanno, F., Adriano Barra, A., & Fachechi, A. (2019) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/ab1934 · Cited by 4
A lattice gas model on a tangled chain for enzyme kinetics
Mejdani, R. (1994) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/0378-4371(94)90310-7 · Cited by 4
Nuzzo, R. L. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0603113103 · Cited by 3
From immune system to semiconductors – what next?
Motta, S. (2012) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2012.09.004 · Cited by 3
Ilan, Y. (2025) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2025.107085 · Cited by 2
Immune Network and Immune Memory Mechanism: Perspectives on Dynamical Systems
Ou, C., & Ou, C. (2011) · Conference on Technologies and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (TAAI) · doi:10.1109/taai.2011.61 · Cited by 2
An adaptive document classifier inspired by T-cell cross-regulation in the immune system
Abi-Haidar, A. (2011) · Cited by 2
Can the Immune System Perform a t-Test?
Faria, B. F., Mostardinha, P., & de Abreu, F. V. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169464 · Cited by 2
Intelligent immune responses with distributed memory structure inspired by antibody dynamics
Ou, C., & Ou, C. (2014) · International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icmlc.2014.7009152 · Cited by 1
Immune memory with associativity: Perspectives on dynamical systems
Ou, C., & Ou, C. (2012) · IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) · doi:10.1109/cec.2012.6256646 · Cited by 1
Mozeika, A., & Coolen, A. C. C. (2016) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/50/3/035602 · Cited by 1
The role of the T-helper/T-suppressor ratio in the adaptive immune response: a dynamical model
Annibale, A., Dziobek-Garrett, L. A., & Tari, H. (2018) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8121/aaed5e · Cited by 2
Interaction of HIV infection with nervous tissue may play a crucial role in the development of AIDS
Giorgio Parisi, A. (1988) · Annales de l Institut Pasteur Virologie · doi:10.1016/s0769-2617(88)80085-6 · Cited by 1
DNA denaturation for a tangled chain
Horton, G., & Mejdani, R. (1995) · Il Nuovo Cimento D · doi:10.1007/bf02484362 · Cited by 1
Memory effects of the multi-charge network model
Nokura, K. (2001) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/34/47/307 · Cited by 1
Bates, E. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.07780 · Cited by 2
Contributions of memory B cells to secondary immune response
GUAN, S., & QI, A. (1995) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0092-8240(05)80770-0 · Cited by 1
Adaptive Immunity-Based Multiagent Systems (AIBMAS) Inspired by the Idiotypic Network
Ou, C., & Ou, C. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13529-3_50
Immune Memory Mechanism Based on Cyclic Idiotypic Network
Ou, C., & Ou, C. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16696-9_45
Immune Response and Memory: Perspectives on Stability of Cyclic Idiotypic Network
Ou, C., & Ou, C. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE) · doi:10.1109/bibe.2011.42
Immune memory mechanism based on stability analysis of cyclic idiotypic network
Ou, C., & Ou, C. (2010) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2010.5642442
Local minimum states of the binary multi-charge network model
Nokura, K. (2001) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · doi:10.1088/0305-4470/34/50/306
Artificial Immune Memory: Perspectives on Internal Image with Antibody Dynamics
Ou, C., & Ou, C. (2012) · International Conference on Innovations in Bio-inspired Computing and Applications · doi:10.1109/ibica.2012.52
A Conceptual Generalized Nets Immunological Model for Agent based Exploration of Unknown Environment
Minchev, Z. B., & Dimitrov, D. S. (2010) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Topological characterization of S[B] systems: From data to models of complexityPreprint
Merelli, E., Rucco, M., Sloot, P. M. A., & Tesei, L. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1505.05768
A topological characterization of S[B] systemsPreprint
Merelli, E., Rucco, M., Sloot, P. M. A., & Tesei, L. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Anergy in self-directed B lymphocytes from a statistical mechanics perspectivePreprint
Agliari, E., Adriano Barra, A., Ferraro, G. D., Guerra, F., & Tantari, D. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1212.2574
Some thoughts on the ontogenesis in B-cell immune networksPreprint
Adriano Barra, A., Franz, S., & Sabetta, T. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1012.2025
Topological Run-time Monitoring for Complex SystemsPreprint
Rucco, M., Tesei, L., & Merelli, E. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1908.03489
MIMO Outdoor Wireless Optical Communication System Based on Evolutionary Synthetic Neural Network
Wang, J. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Electronic Technology, Communication and Information (ICETCI) · doi:10.1109/icetci57876.2023.10176855
Understanding Stress Response in Superorganisms: A Multi‐Level and Cybernetic Approach
Sgolastra, F. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72626
Metadata
- Authors
- Parisi, G.
- Affiliations
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita' di Roma II, Tor Vergata, Italy.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1990-01
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 429-433
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC53277
- OpenAlex
- W1997967320
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Immune Systems Applications
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Neural Networks and Applications
- Keywords
- immune network model, idiotypic network, immunoglobulins, immunological memory, memory capacity, spin glass models, artificial neural networks
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Immune System, Immunoglobulin Idiotypes, Immunologic Memory, Mathematics, Models, Biological, Models, Neurological, Neurons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review