Cited by 314Barrier Structure and Function StudiesDrug Transport and Resistance MechanismsIon Transport and Channel Regulation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter is asymmetrically distributed on brain capillary endothelial lumenal and ablumenal membranes: an electron microscopic immunogold study.

Open access

Farrell, C L, Pardridge, W M·1991·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5779PMC PMC51961

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

It is generally assumed that there is symmetric distribution of the glucose transporter on the lumenal and ablumenal membranes of the brain capillary endothelial cell that makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. However, the presence of brain endothelial tight junctions allows for asymmetric distribution of BBB plasma membrane proteins. Glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT-1), the principal glucose transporter at the BBB, was assessed in rat brain in the present studies using immunogold electron microscopy. The distribution of the immunoreactive GLUT-1 protein on the endothelial lumenal membrane, the ablumenal membrane, and the cytoplasmic compartment was 12%, 48%, and 40%, respectively, and no significant immunolabeling of the neuropil was measurable. These studies suggest (i) that GLUT-1 is asymmetrically distributed on the BBB plasma membrane with an approximately 4-fold greater abundance on the ablumenal membrane as compared to the lumenal membrane; (ii) that approximately 40% of the endothelial glucose transporter protein is contained within the cytoplasmic space, which provides a mechanism for rapid up-regulation of the transporter by altered distribution of transporter between cytoplasmic and plasma membrane compartments; and (iii) that no significant labeling of neuropil is found with antisera directed against the GLUT-1 protein. These studies also suggest mechanisms of regulation of glucose transport from blood to brain that involve differential distribution of the BBB glucose transporter in subcellular compartments of brain capillary endothelial cells.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5779

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Brain uptake of radiolabeled amino acids, amines, and hexoses after arterial injection
Oldendorf, W. (1971) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.221.6.1629 · Cited by 1,691
Sequence and Structure of a Human Glucose Transporter
Mueckler, M. M., Caruso, C., Baldwin, S. A., Panico, M., Blench, I., Morris, H. R., Allard, W. J., Lienhard, G. E., & Lodish, H. F. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3839598 · Cited by 1,529
Molecular Biology of Mammalian Glucose Transporters
Bell, G. I., Kayano, T., Buse, J. B., Burant, C. F., Takeda, J., Lin, D., Fukumoto, H., & Seino, S. (1990) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.13.3.198 · Cited by 853
Brain metabolism: a perspective from the blood-brain barrier
Pardridge, W. M. (1983) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1481 · Cited by 745
Self-citation
Brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT-1) is selectively localized to the blood-brain barrier. Studies with quantitative western blotting and in situ hybridization.
Pardridge, W. M., Boado, R. J., & Farrell, C. R. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)38267-x · Cited by 606
Self-citation
Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the rat brain glucose-transporter protein.
Birnbaum, M. J., Haspel, H. C., & Rosen, O. M. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.16.5784 · Cited by 545
Facilitated transfer of glucose from blood into brain tissue.
Crone, C. G. (1965) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007748 · Cited by 439
Polarity of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Neutral Amino Acid Transport into Isolated Brain Capillaries
Betz, A. L., & Goldstein, G. W. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.211586 · Cited by 342
Morphology of blood-brain interfaces
Brightman, M. (1977) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(77)80008-0 · Cited by 302
Comparison of in vitro and in vivo models of drug transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier.
Pardridge, W. M., Triguero, D., Yang, J., & Cancilla, P. A. (1990) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)13060-7 · Cited by 275
Self-citation

Show all 32 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 314

Structure and Regulation of Glycogen Synthase in the Brain
Pederson, B. A. (2019) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_3 · Cited by 22
Prolonged culturing of iPSC-derived brain endothelial-like cells is associated with quiescence, downregulation of glycolysis, and resistance to disruption by an Alzheimer’s brain milieu
Williams, L. M., Fujimoto, T., Weaver, R. R., Logsdon, A. F., Wilson, M., Evitts, K. M., Young, J. E., Banks, W. A., & Erickson, M. A. (2022) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-022-00307-1 · Cited by 19
Gap Junctions Mediate Glucose Transport Between GLUT1-Positive and -Negative Cells in the Spiral Limbus of the Rat Cochlea
Matsunami, T., Suzuki, T., Hisa, Y., Takata, K., Takamatsu, T., & Oyamada, M. (2006) · Cell Communication & Adhesion · doi:10.1080/15419060600631805 · Cited by 20
The blood-brain barrier of the chick glycogen body (corpus gelatinosum) and its functional implications
M�ller, W., & Kummer, W. (2003) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-003-0742-0 · Cited by 20
Immunohistochemical Localization of Glucose Transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3) in the Rat Hypothalamus
Yu, S., Tooyama, I., Ding, W., Kitasato, H., & Kimura, H. (1995) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00496.x · Cited by 20
A numerical study on drug delivery via multiscale synergy of cellular hitchhiking onto red blood cells
Nikfar, M., Razizadeh, M., Paul, R., Muzykantov, V. R., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d1nr04057j · Cited by 18
Enhanced GLUT1 glucose transporter and cytoskeleton gene expression in cultured bovine brain capillary endothelial cells after treatment with phorbol esters and serum
Farrell, C. R., Boado, R. J., & Pardridge, W. M. (1992) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(92)90112-o · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Glucose Supplementation Improves Performance and Alters Glucose Transporters’ Expression in Pectoralis major of Heat-Stressed Chickens
Ariyo, O. W., Kwakye, J., Sovi, S., Aryal, B., Ghareeb, A. F. A., Hartono, E., Milfort, M. C., Fuller, A. L., Romdhane Rekaya, A., & Aggrey, S. E. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13182911 · Cited by 17
In vivo down-regulation of mouse brain capillary P-glycoprotein: A preliminary investigation
Fuest, C., Bankstahl, M., Winter, P., Helm, M., Pekcec, A., & Potschka, H. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.014 · Cited by 17
Glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5)-like immunoreactivity is localized in subsets of neurons and glia in the rat brain
Kojo, A., Yamada, K., & Yamamoto, T. (2016) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.03.004 · Cited by 17
Functional Studies of Threonine 310 Mutations in Glut1
Wang, D., Pascual, J. M., Iserovich, P., Yang, H., Ma, L., Kuang, K., Zuñiga, F. A., Sun, R. P., Swaroop, K. M., Fischbarg, J., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m308765200 · Cited by 17
The neonatal rabbit brain glucose transporter
Devaskar, S. U., Chundu, K. R., Zahm, D. S., Holtzclaw, L. A., & Holloran, K. (1992) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(92)90029-v · Cited by 17
Molecular analysis and anticonvulsant therapy in two patients with glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome: A successful use of zonisamide for controlling the seizures
Takahashi, S., Ohinata, J., Suzuki, N., Amamiya, S., Kajihama, A., Sugai, R., Araki, A., Fujieda, K., & Tanaka, H. (2008) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.03.010 · Cited by 16
Changes in extracellular hypothalamic glucose in relation to feeding
Mayer, C. H., Fink, H., Rex, A., & Voigt, J. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05042.x · Cited by 16
The Mammalian Facilitative Glucose Transporter (GLUT) Family
Seatter, M. J., & Gould, G. W. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-46812-3_7 · Cited by 16
Metabolite transport across central nervous system barriers
Carstens, G., Verbeek, M. M., Rohlwink, U. K., Figaji, A., Brake, L. T., & van Laarhoven, A. (2024) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x241241908 · Cited by 17
Immunocytochemical expression of monocarboxylate transporters in the human visual cortex at midgestation
Fayol, L., Baud, O., Monier, A., Pellerin, L., Magistretti, P. J., Evrard, P., & Verney, C. (2003) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2003.10.010 · Cited by 15
Regional differences in glucose transport in the mouse hippocampus
Shimada, M., Kawamoto, S., Hirose, Y., Nakanishi, M., Watanabe, H., & Watanabe, M. (1994) · The Histochemical Journal · doi:10.1007/bf02388435 · Cited by 15
Cerebral Ischemia Affects Glucose Transporter Kinetics Across Rat Brain Microvascular Endothelium: Quantitative Analysis by an In Situ Brain Perfusion Method
Suzuki, H., Nagashima, T., Tamaki, N., & Yamadori, T. (1998) · Surgical Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0090-3019(97)98983-7 · Cited by 15
Development of a Model to Test Whether Glycogenolysis Can Support Astrocytic Energy Demands of Na+, K+-ATPase and Glutamate-Glutamine Cycling, Sparing an Equivalent Amount of Glucose for Neurons
Rothman, D. L., & Dienel, G. A. (2019) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_14 · Cited by 14
QbD approach to investigate product and process variabilities for brain targeting liposomes
Kamal, N. S., Cutie, A. J., Habib, M. J., & Zidan, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Liposome Research · doi:10.3109/08982104.2014.968854 · Cited by 14
Effect of Streptozotocin-Induced Maternal Diabetes on Fetal Rat Brain Glucose Transporters1
Schroeder, R. E., Rajakumar, P. A., & Devaskar, S. U. (1997) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199703000-00007 · Cited by 14
Distribution of muscarinic receptors on the endothelium of cortical vessels in the rat brain
Badaut, J., Moro, V., Seylaz, J., & Lasbennes, F. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00999-2 · Cited by 14
CD8 T cells as drivers of blood–brain barrier disruption
Seady, M., & Johnson, A. J. (2025) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2025.05.008 · Cited by 17
Intranasal Delivery of Anti-Apoptotic siRNA Complexed with Fas-Signaling Blocking Peptides Attenuates Cellular Apoptosis in Brain Ischemia
Chung, K., Ullah, I., Yi, Y., Kang, E., Yun, G., Heo, S., Kim, M., Chung, S.-E., Park, S., Lim, J., et al. (2024) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16020290 · Cited by 13
Computer simulation of the blood-brain barrier: a model including two membranes, blood flow, facilitated and non-facilitated diffusion
Oyler, G. A., Duckrow, R. B., & Hawkins, R. A. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(92)90010-b · Cited by 13
Structural association of astrocytes with neurons and vasculature: Defining territorial boundaries
Reichenbach, A., & Wolburg, H. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79492-1_10 · Cited by 12
Expression and Functional Activities of Glucose Transporters in the Central Nervous System
Piroli, G. G., Grillo, C. A., Reznikov, L. R., & Reagan, L. P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30380-2_19 · Cited by 12
Effect of a single embryonic exposure to alcohol on glucose transporter (GLUT-1) distribution in brain vessels of aged mouse
VORBRODT, A. W., Dobrogowska, D. H., Kozlowski, P. B., Tarnawski, M. J., Dumas, R., & Rabe, A. (2001) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1023/a:1011995308851 · Cited by 12
Amyloid beta peptides inhibit glucose transport at the blood-brain barrier by disrupting the insulin-AKT pathway
Wang, L., Curran, G. L., Zhong, R., Xue, Z., Veerareddy, V., Thieschafer, J. S., Min, H.-K. P., Li, L., Lowe, V. J., & Kandimalla, K. K. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251332493 · Cited by 13
Biomedical Technologies for In Vitro Screening and Controlled Delivery of Neuroactive Compounds
Frampton, J. P., Shuler, M. L., Shain, W. G., & Hynd, M. R. (2008) · Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/187152408785699613 · Cited by 11
Alzheimer’s disease: A gas model. The NADPH oxidase–Nitric Oxide system as an antibubble biomachinery
Denis, P. A. (2013) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.09.008 · Cited by 10
Modifications of physical and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier in an inducible mouse model of neurodegeneration
Taccola, C., Barnéoud, P., Cartot‐Cotton, S., Valente, D., Schussler, N., Saubaméa, B., Chasseigneaux, S., Cochois, V., Mignon, V., Curis, E., et al. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108588 · Cited by 12
Cysteine Donor‐Based Brain‐Targeting Prodrug: Opportunities and Challenges
Ni, G., Hu, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, M., Liu, X., Yang, G., Yan, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/4834117 · Cited by 12
Glucose transporter GLUT1 localization in human foetus telencephalon
Virgintino, D., Robertson, D. M., Monaghan, P., Errede, M., Ambrosi, G., Roncali, L., & Bertossi, M. (1998) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00769-1 · Cited by 11
The protective role of endothelial GLUT1 in ischemic stroke
Peng, Q., & Zeng, W. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3536 · Cited by 9
Synergism between the Two Membranes of the Blood-brain Barrier: Glucose and Amino Acid Transport
Hawkins, R. A., Vinã, J. R., Mokashi, A. S., Peterson, D. R., O’Kane, R. L., Simpson, I. A., DeJoseph, M. R., & Rasgado-Flores, H. (2013) · Cited by 10
Asymmetric Subcellular Distribution of Glucose Transporters in the Endothelium of Small Contractile Arteries
Gaudreault, N., Scriven, D. R. L., & Moore, E. D. W. (2006) · Endothelium · doi:10.1080/10623320600972085 · Cited by 10
Cerebral Glucose Transport Implies Individualized Glial Cell Function
Feinendegen, L. E., Herzog, H. R., & Thompson, K. H. (2001) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200110000-00004 · Cited by 10
Expression of Glucose Transporters in the Prelaminar Region of the Optic-Nerve Head of the Pig as Determined by Immunolabeling and Tissue Culture
Carreras, F. J., Aranda, C. J., Porcel, D., Rodríguez-Hurtado, F. J., Martínez‐Augustin, O., & Zarzuelo, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128516 · Cited by 9
The Role of Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT-1) in Malignant Gliomas
Jensen, R. L., & Chkheidze, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0344-5_11 · Cited by 9
Transport Functions of the Glycocalyx, Specific Proteins, and Caveolae in Endothelium
Schnitzer, J. E. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2184-5_2 · Cited by 9
Glia-Neuronal and Glia-Vascular Interrelations in Blood-Brain Barrier Formation and Axon Regeneration in Vertebrates
Wolburg, H. (1995) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-468-9_18 · Cited by 9
The Blood-Brain Barrier in the Aging Brain
Rascher, G., & Wolburg, H. (2002) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-105-3_17 · Cited by 8
Lactate and Glucose as Energy Substrates and their Role in Traumatic Brain inJury and Therapy
Alessandri, B., Gugliotta, M., Levasseur, J. E., & Bullock, M. R. (2009) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/14796708.4.2.209 · Cited by 8
Immunogold study of effects of prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide and/or valproic acid on the rat blood-brain barrier vessels
VORBRODT, A. W., Dobrogowska, D. H., Kozlowski, P. B., Rabe, A., Tarnawski, M. J., & Lee, M. H. (2005) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1007/s11068-006-8729-x · Cited by 8
The three-dimensional detection of microvasculatory bed in the brain of white rat Rattus norvegicus by a Ca2+-ATPase method
Chilingaryan, A., Chilingaryan, A. M., & Martin, G. G. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.059 · Cited by 8
Analysis of Genes Dominantly Expressed in Rat Cerebral Endothelial Cells Using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization
Shibata, T., Misawa, N., Takeo, C., Saeki, N., Saitō, Y., & Tatsuno, I. (2005) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.12.330 · Cited by 8
Glucose transporters in the brain
Rayner, D. V. (1996) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19960022 · Cited by 8
Principles of Nanotoxicology
Singh, A. K. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801406-6.00005-4 · Cited by 9
Morphological and Functional Properties of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Dorovini‐Zis, K., & Nag, S. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18606-2 · Cited by 7
Localization of brain endothelial luminal and abluminal transporters with immunogold electron microscopy
Cornford, E. M., & Hyman, S. (2005) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/bf03206640 · Cited by 7
Transport und Entgiftung: Grundlagen, Ansätze und Perspektiven für die Erforschung der Blut‐Hirn‐Schranke
Aigner, A. M., Wolf, S., & Gassen, H. G. (1997) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.19971090105 · Cited by 7
Brain microvascular endothelial cell metabolism and its ties to barrier function
Weber, C. M., Moiz, B., & Clyne, A. M. (2024) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2024.05.002 · Cited by 6
Immunocytochemical distribution of the brain glucose transporter (GLUT 1) in experimental gliosis
Rosenstein, J. M., More, N. S., & Krum, J. M. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90893-1 · Cited by 6
Blood–Brain Barrier Transporters and Neuroinflammation: Partners in Neuroprotection and in Pathology
Makrides, V., Dolgodilina, E., & Virgintino, D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45514-3_6 · Cited by 6
Prodrug Approaches for Drug Delivery to the Brain
Anderson, B. D. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49785-3_17 · Cited by 6
Artificial Blood‐Brain Barriers
Cucullo, L., Oby, E. R., Hallene, K. L., Aumayr, B., Rapp, E., & Janigro, D. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9783527611225.ch17 · Cited by 6
Cerebral ischemia alters glucose transporter kinetics across rat brain microvascular endothelium Quantitative analysis by an in situ brain perfusion method
Suzuki, H., Nagashima, T., Fujita, K., Tamaki, N., Sugioka, K., Yamadori, T., & Yamaguchi, M. (1994) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(94)90108-2 · Cited by 6
Glycogen as a Putative Target for Diagnosis and Therapy in Brain Pathologies
Cloix, J., & Hévor, T. (2011) · ISRN Pathology · doi:10.5402/2011/930729 · Cited by 5
Difference in transient ischemia-induced neuronal damage and glucose transporter-1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus between adult and young gerbils.
Park, S. M., Lee, J. C., Chen, B. H., Shin, B. N., Cho, J.-H., Kim, I. H., Park, J. H., Won, M. H., Ahn, J. H., Tae, H. J., et al. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 5
The Neurovascular Unit
O’Donnell, M. E. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18606-5 · Cited by 5
Glucose Transporter Distribution in the Vessels of the Central Nervous System of the Axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum (Urodela: Ambystomatidae)
Lazzari, M., Bettini, S., Ciani, F., & Franceschini, V. (2008) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.20741 · Cited by 5
Molecular Regulation of Blood-Brain Barrier GLUT1 Glucose Transporter
Pardridge, W. M. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1054-7_9 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Immunogold Detection of Microvascular Proteins in the Compromised Blood–Brain Barrier
Cornford, E. M., Hyman, S., & Cornford, M. E. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-419-0:161 · Cited by 5
GLUT-1 glucose transporter is localized heterogeneously within the microvessels of the mouse hippocampus
Kawamoto, S., Goto, H., Watanabe, M., & Shimada, M. (1995) · Acta Histochemica · doi:10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80211-4 · Cited by 5
Universal method for the isolation of microvessels from frozen brain tissue: A proof-of-concept multiomic investigation of the neurovasculature
Wakid, M., Almeida, D. M., Aouabed, Z., Rahimian, R., Davoli, M. A., Yerko, V., Leonova-Erko, E., Richard, V. R., Zahedi, R. P., Borchers, C. H., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100684 · Cited by 4
Glucose transporter (GLUT-1) distribution in the brain vessels of the adult Italian wall lizard, Podarcis sicula
Lazzari, M., & Franceschini, V. (2006) · Acta Histochemica · doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2006.05.002 · Cited by 4
Glucose transporter proteins GLUT1 and GLUT3 like immunoreactivities in the fetal sheep brain are not reduced by maternal betamethasone treatment
Antonow‐Schlorke, I., Ebert, M., Müller, T. M., Schubert, H., Gschanes, A., Witte, O. W., Nathanielsz, P. W., & Schwab, M. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.013 · Cited by 4
Blood-Brain Barrier and the Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Kuschinsky, W. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60946-6_28 · Cited by 4
The Role of Glycaemic Control in Cognitive Functioning
Elliott, J. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6771-1_6 · Cited by 2
The Blood-Brain Barrier in Brain Tumours
Noell, S., Wolburg‐Buchholz, K., Andreas, F., Wolburg, H., & Fallier‐Becker, P. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/21465 · Cited by 3
Contrast media and the brain. The basis of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging enhancement: A review
Sage, M. R., Wilson, A. J., & Scroop, R. (2000) · Australasian Radiology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1673.2000.00797.x · Cited by 3
Less hippocampal neuronal death in young gerbils following transient global cerebral ischemia is associated with long‑term maintenance of insulin‑like growth factorï¿½1 and its receptors in the hippocampal CA1 region
Yan, B. C., Wang, J., Cao, J., & Won, M. (2017) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.8243 · Cited by 3
Blood-Retina Barrier Properties of the Pecten Oculi of the Chicken
Gerhardt, H., Liebner, S., & Wolburg, H. (1996) · Advances in behavioral biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9489-2_14 · Cited by 3
Localization of Blood-Brain Barrier-Specific Antibodies with Immunogold-Silver Enhancement
Pardridge, W. M., & Farrell, C. L. (1993) · Journal of Histotechnology · doi:10.1179/his.1993.16.3.249 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Heavy Metal-Regulated Gene Expression
Qian, Y. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00226-8 · Cited by 2
Nutrient regulation in brain development: glucose and alternate fuels
Fung, C. M., & Devaskar, S. U. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544712.009 · Cited by 2
Dementia: The Significance of Cerebral Metabolic Disturbances in Alzheimer's Disease. Relation to Parkinson's Disease
Hoyer, S., & Frölich, L. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30377-2_12 · Cited by 2
Serial ultrathin sections to identify ultrastructural localization of GLUT1 molecules in vesicles in brain endothelial cells—correlative light and electron microscopy in depth
Yamada, A., Nishida, Y., Wake, K., Nakamura, A., Sakamaki, Y., Kuwahara, H., Uchihara, T., & Yokota, T. (2022) · Microscopy · doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfac005 · Cited by 2
Modeling the Blood‐Brain Barrier
Cecchelli, R., Coisne, C., Dehouck, L., Miller, F., Dehouck, M., Buée‐Scherrer, V., & Dehouck, B. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527611225.ch15 · Cited by 4
Cerebral glucose delivery, transport and metabolism: Theory and modeling using four, three and two tissue compartments
Seidemo, A., Knutsson, L., Yadav, N. N., Sundgren, P. C., Wirestam, R., & van Zijl, P. C. M. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251366074 · Cited by 1
Maternal nutrition as a key determinant of placental and developing blood–brain barrier xenobiotic protective functions
Connor, K. L., Souza, N. I. S., dos Anjos, B. G., Matthews, S. G., & Bloise, E. (2026) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp289627 · Cited by 1
Vascular Glucose Transport and the Metabolic Syndrome
Martel, F., & Keating, E. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9701-0_7 · Cited by 1
Neuronal-Glial-Endothelial Interactions Regulate Central Nervous System Homeostasis
Gómez‐González, B., Cabañas-Morales, A. M., Hurtado‐Alvarado, G., & Velázquez‐Moctezuma, J. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18028-4 · Cited by 1
Medicinal Chemistry and Brain Drug Penetrance
Hilaire, J. R., & Gendelman, H. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44022-4_49 · Cited by 1
Vessel Wall
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5966-8_7 · Cited by 1
Development of In Vitro and Ex Vivo Positron-Emitting Tracer Techniques and Their Application to Neurotrauma
Sihver, S. (2000) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Regional differences in glucose transport in the mouse hippocampus
Shimada, M., Kawamoto, S., Hirose, Y., Nakanishi, M., Watanabe, H., & Watanabe, M. (1994) · The Histochemical Journal · doi:10.1007/bf00166101 · Cited by 1
EFFECT OF PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATORY PAIN ON THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
Hau, V. S. (2005) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
ULTRASTRUCTURAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE CEREBRAL MICROVESSELS IN PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Süle, Z. (2010) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged)
Astrocytes and Barrier-provided Microvasculature in the Developing Brain
Roncali, L. (2002) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-105-3_18
Untersuchungen zur differenzialdiagnostischen Bedeutung des IgG-Index und Albuminquotienten bei neurologisch erkrankten Hunden
Schindler, T. H. (2003) · Electronic Theses of LMU Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.1541
Regulation of brain microvessel function.
Kobayashi, H., Yokoo, H., Yanagita, T., & Wada, A. (2002) · Folia Pharmacologica Japonica · doi:10.1254/fpj.119.281
Regional differences in glucose transport of the mouse hippocampus
Shimada, M., Kawamoto, S., & Watanabe, M. (1991) · Neuroscience Research Supplements · doi:10.1016/0921-8696(91)91162-l
Lead-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity and Modulated Gene Expression
Qian, Y., & Tiffany‐Castiglioni, E. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.01926-7
Nutritional regulation of central fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) expression, and its association with the central melanocortin signaling in the regulation of energy homeostasis
Poritsanos, N. J. (2010) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Neurotoxins and Neurodegeneration
Cheville, N. F. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780813810379.ch19
The Effects of Acute Running Induced Neuronal Activation on Cerebral GLUT1 and Vascular Plasticity
Liang, J. (2011) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-5047
Local Treatment of Brain Tumors and the Blood-Brain Barrier
Rajsiglová, L., & Vannucci, L. E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75007-1_7

Authors: Farrell, C. L., & Pardridge, W. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Pardridge, W M
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1991-07
Volume: 88
Issue: 13
Pages: 5779-5783
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5779
PMC: PMC51961
OpenAlex: W1985944040
Cited by: 314
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 8.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p01ns025554-08)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01-NS-25554)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
Keywords: blood-brain barrier, GLUT1, glucose transporters, brain microvascular endothelial cells, tight junctions, subcellular localization, glucose transport regulation, cytoplasmic compartments, rat brain
MeSH terms: Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Cell Compartmentation, Cell Membrane, Endothelium, Vascular, Immunohistochemistry, Microscopy, Electron, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Rats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter is asymmetrically distributed on brain capillary endothelial lumenal and ablumenal membranes: an electron microscopic immunogold study.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks