The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Enhancers increase the probability but not the level of gene expression.
Open accessAbstract
We have studied enhancer function in transient and stable expression assays in mammalian cells by using systems that distinguish expressing from nonexpressing cells. When expression is studied in this way, enhancers are found to increase the probability of a construct being active but not the level of expression per template. In stably integrated constructs, large differences in expression level are observed but these are not related to the presence of an enhancer. Together with earlier studies, these results suggest that enhancers act to affect a binary (on/off) switch in transcriptional activity. Although this idea challenges the widely accepted model of enhancer activity, it is consistent with much, if not all, experimental evidence on this subject. We hypothesize that enhancers act to increase the probability of forming a stably active template. When randomly integrated into the genome, enhancers may affect a metastable state of repression/activity, permitting expression in regions that would not permit activity of an isolated promoter.
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Cited by
Imaging Neuronal Subsets in Transgenic Mice Expressing Multiple Spectral Variants of GFP
Feng, G., Mellor, R. H., Bernstein, M., Keller-Peck, C., Nguyen, Q. T., Wallace, M., Nerbonne, J. M., Lichtman, J. W., & Sanes, J. R. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00084-2 · Cited by 3,042
Stochastic mRNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells
Raj, A., Peskin, C. S., Tranchina, D., Vargas, D. Y., & Tyagi, S. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040309 · Cited by 1,737
Stochasticity in Transcriptional Regulation: Origins, Consequences, and Mathematical Representations
Kepler, T. B., & Elston, T. C. (2001) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75949-8 · Cited by 907
Becskei, A. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.10.2528 · Cited by 698
Phenotypic Consequences of Promoter-Mediated Transcriptional Noise
Blake, W. J., Balázsi, G., Kohanski, M. A., Isaacs, F. J., Murphy, K. F., Kuang, Y., Cantor, C. R., Walt, D. R., & Collins, J. J. (2006) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.11.003 · Cited by 629
Metadata
- Authors
- Walters, M. C., Fiering, S., Eidemiller, J., Magis, W., Groudine, M., & Martin, D. I.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1995-07-18
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 7125-7129
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2090610011
- Cited by
- 286
- References
- 27
- FWCI
- 6.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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- Walters, M. C., Fiering, S., Eidemiller, J., Magis, W., Groudine, M., & Martin, D. I. (1995). Enhancers increase the probability but not the level of gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.15.7125
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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