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Functional testicular tissue does not masculinize development of the zebra finch song system.
Open accessAbstract
Current theories of sexual differentiation maintain that ovarian estrogen prevents masculine development of the copulatory system in birds, whereas estrogen derived from testicular androgens promotes masculine sexual differentiation of neuroanatomy and sexual behavior in mammals. Paradoxically, some data suggest that the neural song system in zebra finches follows the mammalian pattern with estrogenic metabolites of testicular secretions causing masculine development. To test whether the removal of estrogen from males during early development would prevent the development of masculine song systems, zebra finches were treated embryonically with an inhibitor of estrogen synthesis. In addition, this treatment in genetic female zebra finches induced both functional ovarian and testicular tissue to develop, thus allowing the assessment of the direct effects of testicular secretions on song system development. In males, the inhibition of estrogen synthesis before hatching had a small but significant effect in demasculinizing one aspect of the neural song system. In treated females, the song systems remained morphologically feminine. These results suggest that masculinization of the song system is not determined solely by testicular androgens or their estrogenic metabolites.
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“The origin of sexual differences in the brain starts even before gonadal hormones are detected in the plasma (Arnold, 1996; Wade & Arnold, 1996).”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity (2017) · cites this paper as Wade & Arnold, 1996
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wade, J., & Arnold, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1996-05-28
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 5264-5268
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC39233
- OpenAlex
- W2038184154
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f32mh010352-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH10352)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC-00217, R01DC000217)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Keywords
- zebra finch, song system, sexual differentiation, masculinization, testicular androgens, estrogen synthesis inhibition, ovarian estrogen, testicular tissue, avian neuroanatomy
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Birds, Copulation, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Estrogen Antagonists, Estrogens, Female, Male, Ovary, Sex Characteristics, Sex Differentiation, Testis, Vocalization, Animal, Fadrozole
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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