The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Functional testicular tissue does not masculinize development of the zebra finch song system.
Open accessAbstract
Current theories of sexual differentiation maintain that ovarian estrogen prevents masculine development of the copulatory system in birds, whereas estrogen derived from testicular androgens promotes masculine sexual differentiation of neuroanatomy and sexual behavior in mammals. Paradoxically, some data suggest that the neural song system in zebra finches follows the mammalian pattern with estrogenic metabolites of testicular secretions causing masculine development. To test whether the removal of estrogen from males during early development would prevent the development of masculine song systems, zebra finches were treated embryonically with an inhibitor of estrogen synthesis. In addition, this treatment in genetic female zebra finches induced both functional ovarian and testicular tissue to develop, thus allowing the assessment of the direct effects of testicular secretions on song system development. In males, the inhibition of estrogen synthesis before hatching had a small but significant effect in demasculinizing one aspect of the neural song system. In treated females, the song systems remained morphologically feminine. These results suggest that masculinization of the song system is not determined solely by testicular androgens or their estrogenic metabolites.
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“The origin of sexual differences in the brain starts even before gonadal hormones are detected in the plasma (Arnold, 1996; Wade & Arnold, 1996).”
From Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity (2017) · cites this paper as Wade & Arnold, 1996
Citations
Cites
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Brain is the major site of estrogen synthesis in a male songbird.
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Self-citationAndrogen affects cholinergic enzymes in syringeal motor neurons and muscle
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Self-citationAn atlas of aromatase mRNA expression in the zebra finch brain
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Fadrozole: A Potent and Specific Inhibitor of Aromatase in the Zebra Finch Brain
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Self-citationFrontiers in neuroendocrinology
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Self-citationAntiestrogens fail to prevent the masculine ontogeny of the zebra finch song system
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Self-citationSteroid modulation of Mullerian duct regression in the chick embryo
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Tamoxifen's effects on the zebra finch song system are estrogenic, not antiestrogenic
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Self-citationFadrozole induces delayed effects on neurons in the zebra finch song system
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Oyola, M. G., & Handa, R. J. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1369523 · Cited by 710
“The origin of sexual differences in the brain starts even before gonadal hormones are detected in the plasma (Arnold, 1996; Wade & Arnold, 1996).”
BackgroundArnold, A. P. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.011 · Cited by 625
Self-citationDe Vries, G. J., Rissman, E. F., Simerly, R. B., Yang, L.-Y., Scordalakes, E. M., Auger, C. J., Swain, A., Lovell-Badge, R., Burgoyne, P. S., & Arnold, A. P. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-20-09005.2002 · Cited by 509
Self-citationThe genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior
Ngun, T. C., Ghahramani, N., Sánchez, F. J., Bocklandt, S., & Vilain, E. J. N. (2010) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.10.001 · Cited by 450
Metadata
- Authors
- Wade, J., & Arnold, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1996-05-28
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 5264-5268
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC39233
- OpenAlex
- W2038184154
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f32mh010352-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH10352)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC-00217, R01DC000217)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Keywords
- zebra finch, song system, sexual differentiation, masculinization, testicular androgens, estrogen synthesis inhibition, ovarian estrogen, testicular tissue, avian neuroanatomy
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Birds, Copulation, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Estrogen Antagonists, Estrogens, Female, Male, Ovary, Sex Characteristics, Sex Differentiation, Testis, Vocalization, Animal, Fadrozole
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