Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum
Open accessAbstract
Rare nucleated fetal cells circulate within maternal blood. Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis by isolation and genetic analysis of these cells is currently being undertaken. We sought to determine if genetic evidence existed for persistent circulation of fetal cells from prior pregnancies. Venous blood samples were obtained from 32 pregnant women and 8 nonpregnant women who had given birth to males 6 months to 27 years earlier. Mononuclear cells were sorted by flow cytometry using antibodies to CD antigens 3, 4, 5, 19, 23, 34, and 38. DNA within sorted cells, amplified by PCR for Y chromosome sequences, was considered predictive of a male fetus or evidence of persistent male fetal cells. In the 32 pregnancies, male DNA was detected in 13 of 19 women carrying a male fetus. In 4 of 13 pregnancies with female fetuses, male DNA was also detected. All of the 4 women had prior pregnancies; 2 of the 4 had prior males and the other 2 had terminations of pregnancy. In 6 of the 8 nonpregnant women, male DNA was detected in CD34+CD38+ cells, even in a woman who had her last son 27 years prior to blood sampling. Our data demonstrate the continued maternal circulation of fetal CD34+ or CD34+CD38+ cells from a prior pregnancy. The prolonged persistence of fetal progenitor cells may represent a human analogue of the microchimerism described in the mouse and may have significance in development of tolerance of the fetus. Pregnancy may thus establish a long-term, low-grade chimeric state in the human female.
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Cell-free fetal DNA disappears from the maternal circulation shortly after delivery and therefore does not confound prenatal genetic investigations in subsequent pregnancies.
“Unlike fetal cells, it disappears from the maternal circulation shortly after delivery (319,320) and therefore does not confound prenatal genetic investigations in subsequent pregnancies (321,322).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [320]
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that fetal cells can persist after delivery and complicate prenatal genetic analysis. It does not address how soon cell-free fetal DNA disappears or whether it can confound testing in subsequent pregnancies; searches for those terms found no relevant passage. The finding about fetal cells does not establish the behavior of cell-free DNA. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Maron, J. L., & Bianchi, D. W. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30115 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationLambert, N. C., Evans, P. C., Hashizumi, T. L., Maloney, S., Gooley, T., Furst, D. E., & Nelson, J. L. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.11.5545 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Georg Schmorl on Trophoblasts in the Maternal Circulation
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Self-citationMaternal T cells limit engraftment after in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation in mice
Nijagal, A., Wegorzewska, M. M., Jarvis, E., Le, T., Tang, Q., & MacKenzie, T. C. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci44907 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Fetal Cells Traffic to Injured Maternal Myocardium and Undergo Cardiac Differentiation
Kara, R. J., Bolli, P., Karakikes, I., Matsunaga, I., Tripodi, J., Tanweer, O., Altman, P. R., Shachter, N. S., Nakano, A., Najfeld, V., et al. (2011) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.111.249037 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
O’Donoghue, K. (2003) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gag063 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Maternal cell microchimerism in newborn tissues
Srivatsa, B., Srivatsa, S., Johnson, K. L., & Bianchi, D. W. (2003) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.mpd0327 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationTransplanted human bone marrow contributes to vascular endothelium
Jiang, S., Walker, L., Afentoulis, M. E., Anderson, D. A., Jauron-Mills, L., Corless, C. L., & Fleming, W. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0404398101 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Infectious Disease Issues in Xenotransplantation
Boneva, R. S., Folks, T. M., & Chapman, L. E. (2001) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.14.1.1-14.2001 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Loren, A. W., Bunin, G. R., Boudreau, C., Champlin, R. E., Cnaan, A., Horowitz, M. M., Loberiza, F. R., & Porter, D. (2006) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.03.015 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Billi, A. C., Kahlenberg, J. M., & Gudjonsson, J. E. (2018) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000564 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Male Microchimerism in the Human Female Brain
Chan, W. F. N., Gurnot, C., Montine, T. J., Sonnen, J. A., Guthrie, K. A., & Nelson, J. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045592 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Fetal cells in mother rats contribute to the remodeling of liver and kidney after injury
Wang, Y., Iwatani, H., Ito, T., Horimoto, N., Yamato, M., Matsui, I., Imai, E., & Hori, M. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.105 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Strober, S., Benike, C. J., Krishnaswamy, S., Engleman, E. G., & Grumet, F. C. (2000) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/00007890-200004270-00005 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
On the definition of a criterion of immunogenicity
Pradeu, T., & Carosella, E. D. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608683103 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The long and short term effects of motherhood on the brain
Duarte‐Guterman, P., Leuner, B., & Galea, L. A. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.02.004 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
DNA from blood samples can be used to genotype patients who have recently received a transfusion
Reid, M. E., Rios, M., Powell, V. I., Charles‐Pierre, D., & Malavade, V. (2000) · Transfusion · doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40010048.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Natural history of fetal cell microchimerism during and following murine pregnancy
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Self-citationHahn, S., Huppertz, B., & Holzgreve, W. (2004) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.10.017 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Johnson, K. L., Samura, O., Nelson, L. J., McDonnell, M. W., & Bianchi, D. W. (2002) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.35622 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationFetal Microchimerism in Women with Breast Cancer
Gadi, V. K., & Nelson, J. L. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4209 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Bianchi, D. W., Farina, A., Weber, W. D., Delli-Bovi, L. C., DeRiso, M., Williams, J. M., & Klinger, K. W. (2001) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2001.111072 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationInteraction of pregnancy and autoimmune rheumatic disease
Østensen, M., Villiger, P. M., & Förger, F. (2011) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.013 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Human uterine stem/progenitor cells: their possible role in uterine physiology and pathology
Maruyama, T., Masuda, H., Ono, M., Kajitani, T., & Yoshimura, Y. (2010) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-09-0438 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Prenatal typing of Rh and kell blood group system antigens: The edge of a watershed
van der Schoot, C. E., Grootkerk‐Tax, M. G. H. M., Rijnders, R. J. P., de Haas, M., & Christiaens, G. C. M. L. (2003) · Transfusion Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/tmrv.2003.50001 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bianchi, D. W., Zickwolf, G. K., Weil, G. J., Sylvester, S., & DeMaria, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1996-01-23
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 705-708
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC40117
- OpenAlex
- W2021680265
- Cited by
- 1,264
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 38.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- March of Dimes Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Screening and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Keywords
- fetal microchimerism, maternal blood, CD34+CD38- cells, Y-chromosome DNA, noninvasive prenatal diagnosis, pregnancy, fetal tolerance, CD antigens
- MeSH terms
- Antigens, Differentiation, Cell Separation, Chimera, DNA, Female, Fetus, Flow Cytometry, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Humans, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, N-Glycosyl Hydrolases, Pregnancy, Sex Characteristics, Sex Determination Analysis, Time Factors, Y Chromosome, Antigens, CD, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Antigens, CD34, ADP-ribosyl Cyclase, Postpartum Period, ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
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