α 1 -Antitrypsin Portland, a bioengineered serpin highly selective for furin: Application as an antipathogenic agent

Abstract

The important role of furin in the proteolytic activation of many pathogenic molecules has made this endoprotease a target for the development of potent and selective antiproteolytic agents. Here, we demonstrate the utility of the protein-based inhibitor α 1 -antitrypsin Portland (α 1 -PDX) as an antipathogenic agent that can be used prophylactically to block furin-dependent cell killing by Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Biochemical analysis of the specificity of a bacterially expressed His- and FLAG-tagged α 1 -PDX (α 1 -PDX/hf) revealed the selectivity of the α 1 -PDX/hf reactive site loop for furin ( K i , 600 pM) but not for other proprotein convertase family members or other unrelated endoproteases. Kinetic studies show that α 1 -PDX/hf inhibits furin by a slow tight-binding mechanism characteristic of serpin molecules and functions as a suicide substrate inhibitor. Once bound to furin’s active site, α 1 -PDX/hf partitions with equal probability to undergo proteolysis by furin at the C-terminal side of the reactive center -Arg 355 -Ile-Pro-Arg 358 - ↓ or to form a kinetically trapped SDS-stable complex with the enzyme. This partitioning between the complex-forming and proteolytic pathways contributes to the ability of α 1 -PDX/hf to differentially inhibit members of the proprotein convertase family. Finally, we propose a structural model of the α 1 -PDX-reactive site loop that explains the high degree of enzyme selectivity of this serpin and which can be used to generate small molecule furin inhibitors.