Cited by 872Reading and Literacy DevelopmentNeurobiology of Language and BilingualismDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia

Open access

Shaywitz, Sally E., Shaywitz, Bennett A., Pugh, Kenneth R., Fulbright, Robert K., Constable, R. Todd, Mencl, W. Einar, Shankweiler, Donald P., Liberman, Alvin M., Skudlarski, Pawel, Fletcher, Jack M., Katz, Leonard, Marchione, Karen E., Lacadie, Cheryl, Gatenby, Christopher, Gore, John C.·1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2636PMC PMC19444

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Learning to read requires an awareness that spoken words can be decomposed into the phonologic constituents that the alphabetic characters represent. Such phonologic awareness is characteristically lacking in dyslexic readers who, therefore, have difficulty mapping the alphabetic characters onto the spoken word. To find the location and extent of the functional disruption in neural systems that underlies this impairment, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare brain activation patterns in dyslexic and nonimpaired subjects as they performed tasks that made progressively greater demands on phonologic analysis. Brain activation patterns differed significantly between the groups with dyslexic readers showing relative underactivation in posterior regions (Wernicke's area, the angular gyrus, and striate cortex) and relative overactivation in an anterior region (inferior frontal gyrus). These results support a conclusion that the impairment in dyslexia is phonologic in nature and that these brain activation patterns may provide a neural signature for this impairment.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2636

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain : 3-dimensional proportional system : an approach to cerebral imaging
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058
Decoding, reading, and reading disability.
Gough, P. B., & Tunmer, W. E. (1986) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193258600700104 · Cited by 3,972
Spatial registration and normalization of images
Friston, K. J., Ashburner, J., Frith, C., Poline, J.-B., Heather, J. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460030303 · Cited by 3,744
DISCONNEXION SYNDROMES IN ANIMALS AND MAN
Geschwind, N. (1965) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/88.2.237 · Cited by 3,419
Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language
Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywltz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Bronen, R. A., Fletcher, J. M., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373607a0 · Cited by 1,374
Self-citation
Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies
Galaburda, A. M., Sherman, G. F., Rosen, G. D., Aboitiz, F., & Geschwind, N. (1985) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410180210 · Cited by 1,312
Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based test of the phonological-core variable-difference model.
Stanovich, K. E., & Siegel, L. S. (1994) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.24 · Cited by 1,282
Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests–Revised
Greenberg, D. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2562 · Cited by 930
Activation of Extrastriate and Frontal Cortical Areas by Visual Words and Word-Like Stimuli
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2396097 · Cited by 821

Show all 43 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

A M Liberman Reading and Spelling: Development and Disorders, eds C Hulme, R M Joshi (Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ), pp. 5–18 (1998).
A M Liberman Speech: A Special Code, ed A M Liberman (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp. 1–44 (1996).
J Dejerine C R Societe du Biologie 43, 197–201 (1891).

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 868

The Neural Basis of Hyperlexic Reading
Turkeltaub, P. E., Flowers, D. L., Verbalis, A. D., Miranda, M., Gareau, L., & Eden, G. F. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00803-1 · Cited by 84
Children with reading disorder show modality independent brain abnormalities during semantic tasks
Booth, J. R., Bebko, G. M., Burman, D. D., & Bitan, T. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.015 · Cited by 84
Large-scale neural correlates of developmental dyslexia
Heim, S., & Keil, A. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0361-7 · Cited by 83
Gray matter alteration in dyslexia: converging evidence from volumetric and voxel-by-voxel MRI analyses
Vinckenbosch, E., Robichon, F., & Eliez, S. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.023 · Cited by 86
The science of reading and dyslexia
Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2003) · Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · doi:10.1016/s1091-8531(03)00002-8 · Cited by 90
Self-citation
Breakthroughs in the search for dyslexia candidate genes
McGrath, L. M., Smith, S. D., & Pennington, B. F. (2006) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.05.007 · Cited by 83
Diffusion tensor imaging correlates of reading ability in dysfluent and non-impaired readers
Lebel, C. A., Shaywitz, B. A., Holahan, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Marchione, K. E., & Beaulieu, C. (2013) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.10.009 · Cited by 89
Self-citation
Determining Appropriate Accommodations for Postsecondary Students with Reading and Written Expression Disorders
Lindstrom, J. H. (2007) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2007.00251.x · Cited by 80
Impaired visual expertise for print in French adults with dyslexia as shown by N170 tuning
Mahé, G., Bonnefond, A., Gavens, N., Dufour, A., & Doignon‐Camus, N. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.013 · Cited by 80
Orthographic processing deficits in developmental dyslexia: Beyond the ventral visual stream
Boros, M., Anton, J., Pech-Georgel, C., Grainger, J., Szwed, M., & Ziegler, J. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.014 · Cited by 76
Neuroscience and Education: Issues and Challenges for Curriculum
Clement, N., & Lovat, T. (2012) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1467-873x.2012.00602.x · Cited by 79
Dyslexia and the Brain: What Does Current Research Tell Us?
Hudson, R. F., High, L., & Otaiba, S. A. (2007) · The Reading Teacher · doi:10.1598/rt.60.6.1 · Cited by 79
Pre-reader to beginning reader: changes induced by reading acquisition in print and speech brain networks
Chyl, K., Kossowski, B., Dębska, A., Łuniewska, M., Banaszkiewicz, A., Zelechowska, A., Frost, S. J., Mencl, W., Wypych, M., Marchewka, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12774 · Cited by 73
Self-citation
Electrophysiological correlates of impaired reading in dyslexic pre-adolescent children
Araújo, S., Bramão, I., Faísca, L., Petersson, K. M., & Reis, A. (2012) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.010 · Cited by 78
Brain activation patterns during a selective attention test—a functional MRI study in healthy volunteers and patients with schizophrenia
Weiss, E. M., Golaszewski, S., Mottaghy, F. M., Hofer, A., Hausmann, A., Kemmler, G., Kremser, C., Brinkhoff, C., Felber, S. R., & Fleischhacker, W. W. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00019-2 · Cited by 78
Conscious and Unconscious Processing of Nonverbal Predictability in Wernicke's Area
Bischoff‐Grethe, A., Proper, S. M., Mao, H. Z., Daniels, K. A., & Berns, G. S. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-05-01975.2000 · Cited by 79
Print-speech convergence predicts future reading outcomes in early readers
Preston, J., Molfese, P., Frost, S. J., Mencl, W., Fulbright, R., Hoeft, F., Landi, N., Shankweiler, D., & Pugh, K. (2015) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615611921 · Cited by 75
Self-citation
Cortical Sequence of Word Perception in Beginning Readers
Parviainen, T. M., Helenius, P., Poskiparta, E., Niemi, P., & Salmelin, R. H. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0673-06.2006 · Cited by 79
Improving Dorsal Stream Function in Dyslexics by Training Figure/Ground Motion Discrimination Improves Attention, Reading Fluency, and Working Memory
Lawton, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00397 · Cited by 74
Rate of Information Segregation in Developmentally Dyslexic Children
Laasonen, M. R., Tomma-Halme, J., Lahti‐Nuuttila, P., Service, E., & Virsu, V. (2000) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2326 · Cited by 74
Topography of syllable change-detection electrophysiological indices in children and adults with reading disabilities
Hommet, C., Vidal, J., Roux, S., Blanc, R., Barthez, M. A., Becque, B. D., Barthélémy, C., Bruneau, N., & Gomot, M. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.010 · Cited by 73
Dyslexia detection using 3D convolutional neural networks and functional magnetic resonance imaging
Zahia, S., García-Zapirain, B., Prieto, I. S., & Fernández-Ruanova, B. (2020) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105726 · Cited by 72
Age-Related Changes in Regional Brain Activation During Phonological Decoding and Printed Word Recognition
Simos, P. G., Breier, J. I., Fletcher, J. M., Foorman, B. R., Mouzaki, A., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2001) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn1902_4 · Cited by 72
Self-citation
Points of View: On the Implications of Neuroscience Research for Science Teaching and Learning: Are There Any?
Bruer, J. T. (2006) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.06-03-0153 · Cited by 71
Neuroimaging Studies of Reading Development and Reading Disability
Pugh, K. R., Mencl, W. E., Jenner, A. R., Lee, J. R., Katz, L. D., Frost, S. J., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2001) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/0938-8982.00024 · Cited by 71
Self-citation
Reading Development and Impairment
Noble, K. G., & McCandliss, B. D. (2005) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200510000-00006 · Cited by 71
Abnormal Functional Activation During a Simple Word Repetition Task: A PET Study of Adult Dyslexics
McCrory, E. J. P., Uta Frith, A., Brunswick, N., & Price, C. J. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562570 · Cited by 71
Abnormal Auditory Cortical Activation in Dyslexia 100 msec after Speech Onset
Helenius, P., Salmelin, R. H., Richardson, U., Leinonen, S., & Lyytinen, H. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260045846 · Cited by 70
Altered Neuronal Response During Rapid Auditory Processing and Its Relation to Phonological Processing in Prereading Children at Familial Risk for Dyslexia
Raschle, N. M., Stering, P. L., Meissner, S. N., & Gaab, N. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht104 · Cited by 70
Modality-specific and -independent developmental differences in the neural substrate for lexical processing
Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Zhang, L., Choy, J., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. B., & Mesulam, M. M. (2003) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/s0911-6044(03)00019-8 · Cited by 72
Visual-Spatial Strength in Dyslexia
von Károlyi, C. (2001) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221940103400413 · Cited by 70
The brain adapts to orthography with experience: evidence from English and Chinese
Cao, F., Brennan, C., & Booth, J. R. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12245 · Cited by 69
Delta EEG activity as a marker of dysfunctional linguistic processing in developmental dyslexia
Penolazzi, B., Spironelli, C., & Angrilli, A. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00709.x · Cited by 72
Neural Mechanisms of Language-Based Learning Impairments: Insights from Human Populations and Animal Models
FITCH, R. H., & Tallal, P. A. (2003) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582303258736 · Cited by 69
Sex-specific gray matter volume differences in females with developmental dyslexia
Evans, T. M., Flowers, D. L., Napoliello, E. M., & Eden, G. F. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0552-4 · Cited by 69
Brain Imaging Findings in Dyslexia
Sun, Y.-F., Lee, J.-S., & Kirby, R. (2010) · Pediatrics & Neonatology · doi:10.1016/s1875-9572(10)60017-4 · Cited by 67
Dyslexic children lack word selectivity gradients in occipito-temporal and inferior frontal cortex
Olulade, O. A., Flowers, D. L., Napoliello, E. M., & Eden, G. F. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.02.013 · Cited by 67
Differentiating the neural response to intervention in children with developmental dyslexia
Odegard, T. N., Ring, J. J., Smith, S., Biggan, J. R., & Black, J. (2008) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-008-0014-5 · Cited by 67
The Ability–Achievement Discrepancy: Does it Contribute to an Understanding of Learning Disabilities?
Meyer, M. S. (2000) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009070006373 · Cited by 70
Examining the relationship between home literacy environment and neural correlates of phonological processing in beginning readers with and without a familial risk for dyslexia: an fMRI study
Powers, S. J., Wang, Y., Beach, S. D., Sideridis, G. D., & Gaab, N. (2016) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-016-0134-2 · Cited by 67
The Functional Neural Architecture of Components of Attention in Language-Processing Tasks
Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Skudlarski, P., Mencl, W. E., Constable, R. T., Marchione, K. E., Fletcher, J. M., Klorman, R., et al. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0726 · Cited by 69
Self-citation
Functional neuroimaging with MEG: Normative language profiles
Papanicolaou, A. C., Pazo-Álvarez, P., Castillo, E. M., Billingsley‐Marshall, R. L., Breier, J. I., Swank, P. R., Buchanan, S. N., McManis, M. H., Clear, T., & Passaro, A. D. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.020 · Cited by 66
Abnormal Activation of Temporoparietal Language Areas During Phonetic Analysis in Children With Dyslexia.
Breier, J. I., Simos, P. G., Fletcher, J. M., Castillo, E. M., Zhang, W., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.4.610 · Cited by 66
Self-citation
Convergent and divergent brain structural and functional abnormalities associated with developmental dyslexia
Yan, X., Jiang, K., Li, H., Wang, Z., Perkins, K., & Cao, F. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.69523 · Cited by 69
Not All Reading Disabilities Are Dyslexia: Distinct Neurobiology of Specific Comprehension Deficits
Cutting, L. E., Clements-Stephens, A. M., Pugh, K. R., Burns, S. S., Cao, A., Pekar, J. J., Davis, N., & Rimrodt, S. L. (2012) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2012.0116 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
Reading Differences and Brain: Cortical Integration of Speech and Print in Sentence Processing Varies With Reader Skill
Shankweiler, D., Mencl, W. E., Braze, D., Tabor, W., Pugh, K. R., & Fulbright, R. K. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640802418688 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Brain Activation Profiles During the Early Stages of Reading Acquisition
Simos, P. G., Fletcher, J. M., Foorman, B. R., Francis, D. J., Castillo, E. M., Davis, R. N., Fitzgerald, M. E., Mathes, P. G., Denton, C. A., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2002) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307380201700301 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Management of Dyslexia, Its Rationale, and Underlying Neurobiology
Shaywitz, S. E., Gruen, J. R., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2007) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.013 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Dyslexic children have abnormal brain lactate response to reading-related language tasks.
Richards, T. L., Dager, S. R., Corina, D. P., Serafini, S., Heide, A. C., Steury, K. R., Strauss, W. A., Hayes, C. E., Abbott, R. D., Craft, S., et al. (1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 64
Task-Guided Selection of the Dual Neural Pathways for Reading
Nakamura, K., Hara, N., Kouider, S., Takayama, Y., Hanajima, R., Sakai, K., & Ugawa, Y. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.030 · Cited by 66
Low-frequency signal changes reflect differences in functional connectivity between good readers and dyslexics during continuous phoneme mapping
Stanberry, L. I., Richards, T. L., Berninger, V. W., Nandy, R. R., Aylward, E., Maravilla, K. R., Stock, P. S., & Cordes, D. (2006) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2005.12.006 · Cited by 68
Brain imaging in neurobehavioral disorders
Frank, Y., & Pavlakis, S. G. (2001) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00282-x · Cited by 63
Reading intervention and neuroplasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of brain changes associated with reading intervention
Perdue, M. V., Mahaffy, K. E., Vlahcevic, K., Wolfman, E., Erbeli, F., Richlan, F., & Landi, N. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.011 · Cited by 65
Early emergence of deviant frontal fMRI activity for phonological processes in poor beginning readers
Bach, S., Brandeis, D., Hofstetter, C., Martin, E., Richardson, U., & Brem, S. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.039 · Cited by 67
Mental rotation of letters, pictures, and three-dimensional objects in German dyslexic children
Rüsseler, J., Scholz, J., Jordan, K., & Quaiser-Pohl, C. M. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040490920168 · Cited by 62
Variants in the DYX2 locus are associated with altered brain activation in reading-related brain regions in subjects with reading disability
Cope, N. A., Eicher, J. D., Meng, H., Gibson, C. J., Hager, K. M., Lacadie, C., Fulbright, R. K., Constable, R. T., Page, G. P., & Gruen, J. R. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.037 · Cited by 61
Self-citation
Applying Cognitive Neuroscience Research to Education: The Case of Literacy
Katzir, T., & Paré-Blagoev, J. (2006) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4101_6 · Cited by 61
Slow perceptual processing at the core of developmental dyslexia: A parameter-based assessment of visual attention
Stenneken, P., Bogon, J., Schulte‐Körne, G., Müller, H. J., Schneider, W. X., & Finke, K. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.08.021 · Cited by 69
Word selectivity in high-level visual cortex and reading skill
Kubota, E., Joo, S. J., Huber, E., & Yeatman, J. D. (2018) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.09.003 · Cited by 62
Reading the Wrong Way with the Right Hemisphere
Waldie, K. E., Haigh, C. E., Badzakova‐Trajkov, G., Buckley, J., & Kirk, I. J. (2013) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci3031060 · Cited by 60
Category-specific occipitotemporal activation during face perception in dyslexic individuals: an MEG study
Tarkiainen, A., Helenius, P., & Salmelin, R. H. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00161-7 · Cited by 60
Early Development of Neurophysiological Processes Involved in Normal Reading and Reading Disability: A Magnetic Source Imaging Study.
Simos, P. G., Fletcher, J. M., Sarkari, S., Billingsley, R. L., Francis, D. J., Castillo, E. M., Pataraia, E., Denton, C. A., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2005) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.6.787 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Integration of heard and seen speech: a factor in learning disabilities in children
Hayes, E. A., Tiippana, K. M., Nicol, T. G., Sams, M. E., & Kraus, N. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00971-6 · Cited by 59
Phonological basis in reading disability: A review and analysis of the evidence
Mody, M. (2003) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1021741921815 · Cited by 59
Temporal Processing Deficits in Remediation-Resistant Reading-Impaired Children
Cacace, A. T., McFarland, D. J., Ouimet, J. R., Schrieber, E. J., & Marro, P. (2000) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000013871 · Cited by 59
Words to Meanings
Shankweiler, D. (1999) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0302_2 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Neural bases of categorization of simple speech and nonspeech sounds
Husain, F. T., Fromm, S. J., Pursley, R. H., Hosey, L. A., Braun, A. R., & Horwitz, B. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20207 · Cited by 59
Neural correlates of working memory performance in adolescents and young adults with dyslexia
Vasić, N., Lohr, C., Steinbrink, C., Martin, C., & Wolf, R. C. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.002 · Cited by 58
A Review of the Research
Kruidenier, J. R., MacArthur, C. A., & Wrigley, H. S. (2010) · Cited by 58
Word length and word frequency affect eye movements in dyslexic children reading in a regular (German) orthography
Dürrwächter, U., Sokolov, A. N., Reinhard, J., Klosinski, G., & Trauzettel‐Klosinski, S. (2010) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-010-0034-9 · Cited by 57
Functional brain network abnormalities during verbal working memory performance in adolescents and young adults with dyslexia
Wolf, R. C., Sambataro, F., Lohr, C., Steinbrink, C., Martin, C., & Vasić, N. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.020 · Cited by 62
Connectionist neuropsychology: uncovering ultimate causes of acquired dyslexia
Woollams, A. M. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0398 · Cited by 57
Impact of childhood epilepsy on reading and phonological processing abilities
Vanasse, C., Béland, R., Carmant, L., & Lassonde, M. C. (2005) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.05.008 · Cited by 57
Chinese dyslexics show neural differences in morphological processing
Liu, L., Tao, R., Wang, W., You, W., Peng, D., & Booth, J. R. (2013) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.06.004 · Cited by 56
Significant relation between MR measures of planum temporale area and dichotic processing of syllables in dyslexic children
Hugdahl, K., Heiervang, E. R., Ersland, L., Lundervold, A., Steinmetz, H., & Smievoll, A. I. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00224-5 · Cited by 56
Atypical Brain Activation of Reading Processes in Children With Developmental Dyslexia
Backes, W. H., Vuurman, E. F. P. M., Wennekes, R., Spronk, P., Wuisman-Frerker, M. G. F., van Engelshoven, J. M. A., & Jolles, J. (2002) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738020170121601 · Cited by 56
Altered hemispheric asymmetry of auditory P100m in dyslexia
Heim, S., Eulitz, C., & Elbert, T. R. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02596.x · Cited by 56
Old and new ways to study characteristics of reading disability: The case of the nonword-reading deficit
den Broeck, W. V., & Geudens, A. (2012) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.06.003 · Cited by 55
Atypical organisation of the auditory cortex in dyslexia as revealed by MEG
Heim, S., Eulitz, C., Kaufmann, J. M., Füchter, I., Pantev, C., Lamprecht-Dinnesen, A., Matulat, P., Scheer, P., Borstel, M., & Elbert, T. R. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00075-0 · Cited by 55
Imaging phonology without print: Assessing the neural correlates of phonemic awareness using fMRI
Katzir, T., Misra, M., & Poldrack, R. A. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.013 · Cited by 55
The Brain Might Read That Way
Perfetti, C. A., & Bolger, D. J. (2004) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0803_7 · Cited by 54
Neurobiological Bases of Reading Comprehension: Insights From Neuroimaging Studies of Word-Level and Text-Level Processing in Skilled and Impaired Readers
Landi, N., Frost, S. J., Mencl, W. E., Sandak, R., & Pugh, K. R. (2013) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2013.758566 · Cited by 54
Self-citation
Developmental dyslexia and explicit long‐term memory
Menghini, D., Carlesimo, G. A., Marotta, L., Finzi, A., & Vicari, S. (2010) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.410 · Cited by 54
Reproducibility of proton MR spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI): comparison of dyslexic and normal-reading children and effects of treatment on brain lactate levels during language tasks.
Richards, T. L., Berninger, V. W., Aylward, E., Richards, A. L., Thomson, J. B., Nagy, W. E., Carlisle, J. F., Dager, S. R., & Abbott, R. D. (2002) · PubMed Central · Cited by 54
The visual magnocellular pathway in Chinese-speaking children with developmental dyslexia
Wang, J., Bi, H., Gao, L., & Wydell, T. N. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.015 · Cited by 53
Cortical reorganization in dyslexic children after phonological training: evidence from early evoked potentials
Spironelli, C., Penolazzi, B., Vio, C., & Angrilli, A. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq199 · Cited by 53
NRSN1 associated grey matter volume of the visual word form area reveals dyslexia before school
Skeide, M. A., Kraft, I., Müller, B., Schaadt, G., Neef, N. E., Bräuer, J., Wilcke, A., Kirsten, H., Boltze, J., & Friederici, A. D. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aww153 · Cited by 55
Neural intersections of the phonological, visual magnocellular and motor/cerebellar systems in normal readers: Implications for imaging studies on dyslexia
Danelli, L., Berlingeri, M., Bottini, G., Ferri, F., Vacchi, L., Sberna, M., & Paulesu, E. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22098 · Cited by 54
Training on Movement Figure-Ground Discrimination Remediates Low-Level Visual Timing Deficits in the Dorsal Stream, Improving High-Level Cognitive Functioning, Including Attention, Reading Fluency, and Working Memory
Lawton, T., & Shelley-Tremblay, J. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00236 · Cited by 52
Reading Outcomes for Individuals With Histories of Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Miller, G. J., Lewis, B. A., Benchek, P. H., Freebairn, L. A., Tag, J., Budge, K., Iyengar, S. K., Voss-Hoynes, H. A., Taylor, H. G., & Stein, C. M. (2019) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-18-0132 · Cited by 52
Reading and the corpus callosum: An MRI family study of volume and area.
Fine, J. G., Semrud‐Clikeman, M., Keith, T. Z., Stapleton, L. M., & Hynd, G. W. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.235 · Cited by 52
Neural specialization of phonological and semantic processing in young children
Weiss, Y., Cweigenberg, H. G., & Booth, J. R. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24274 · Cited by 51
Language Differences in the Brain Network for Reading in Naturalistic Story Reading and Lexical Decision
Wang, X., Yang, J., Yang, J., Mencl, W. E., Hua Shu, A., & Zevin, J. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124388 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Simple Developmental Dyslexia in Children: Alterations in Diffusion-Tensor Metrics of White Matter Tracts at 3 T
Rollins, N. K., Vachha, B. A., Srinivasan, P., Chia, J. M., Pickering, J. S., Hughes, C. W., & Gimi, B. (2009) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2513080884 · Cited by 53
Imaging genetics of FOXP2 in dyslexia
Wilcke, A., Ligges, C., Burkhardt, J., Alexander, M., Wolf, C., Quente, E., Ahnert, P., Hoffmann, P., Becker, A. J., Müller‐Myhsok, B., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.160 · Cited by 57
The Functional Neuroanatomy of Letter-Speech Sound Integration and Its Relation to Brain Abnormalities in Developmental Dyslexia
Richlan, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00021 · Cited by 58
The neural basis of developmental dyslexia
Zeffiro, T. A., & Eden, G. F. (2000) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-000-0015-5 · Cited by 53
The neurobiology of dyslexia
Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Mencl, W. E., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fletcher, J. M., Lyon, G. R., & Gore, J. C. (2001) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s1566-2772(01)00015-9 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Speech‐ and sound‐segmentation in dyslexia: evidence for a multiple‐level cortical impairment
Kujala, T., Halmetoja, J., Näätänen, R., Alku, P., Lyytinen, H., & Sussman, E. S. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05100.x · Cited by 50
A comparison of brain activity evoked by single content and function words: An fMRI investigation of implicit word processing
Diaz, M. T., & McCarthy, G. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.043 · Cited by 55

Authors: Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Constable, R. T., Mencl, W. E., Shankweiler, D. P., Liberman, A. M., Skudlarski, P., Fletcher, J. M., Katz, L., Marchione, K. E., Lacadie, C., Gatenby, C., & Gore, J. C.
Affiliations: Haskins Laboratories (US)
ORCID: Shaywitz, Sally E.
Shaywitz, Bennett A.
Fulbright, Robert K.
Constable, R. Todd
Fletcher, Jack M.
Lacadie, Cheryl
Gatenby, Christopher
Gore, John C.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1998-03-03
Volume: 95
Issue: 5
Pages: 2636-2641
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2636
PMC: PMC19444
OpenAlex: W2114112991
Cited by: 872
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 66.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p01hd021888-10)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD25802, P50 HD25802)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD21888, P50 HD25802, P50HD025802)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: dyslexia, phonological awareness, reading acquisition, brain activation patterns, Wernicke's area, angular gyrus, primary visual cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, phonological analysis
MeSH terms: Brain, Brain Mapping, Dyslexia, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reading, Reference Values

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks