Cited by 872Reading and Literacy DevelopmentNeurobiology of Language and BilingualismDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia

Open access

Shaywitz, Sally E., Shaywitz, Bennett A., Pugh, Kenneth R., Fulbright, Robert K., Constable, R. Todd, Mencl, W. Einar, Shankweiler, Donald P., Liberman, Alvin M., Skudlarski, Pawel, Fletcher, Jack M., Katz, Leonard, Marchione, Karen E., Lacadie, Cheryl, Gatenby, Christopher, Gore, John C.·1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2636PMC PMC19444

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Learning to read requires an awareness that spoken words can be decomposed into the phonologic constituents that the alphabetic characters represent. Such phonologic awareness is characteristically lacking in dyslexic readers who, therefore, have difficulty mapping the alphabetic characters onto the spoken word. To find the location and extent of the functional disruption in neural systems that underlies this impairment, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare brain activation patterns in dyslexic and nonimpaired subjects as they performed tasks that made progressively greater demands on phonologic analysis. Brain activation patterns differed significantly between the groups with dyslexic readers showing relative underactivation in posterior regions (Wernicke's area, the angular gyrus, and striate cortex) and relative overactivation in an anterior region (inferior frontal gyrus). These results support a conclusion that the impairment in dyslexia is phonologic in nature and that these brain activation patterns may provide a neural signature for this impairment.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2636

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain : 3-dimensional proportional system : an approach to cerebral imaging
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058
Decoding, reading, and reading disability.
Gough, P. B., & Tunmer, W. E. (1986) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193258600700104 · Cited by 3,972
Spatial registration and normalization of images
Friston, K. J., Ashburner, J., Frith, C., Poline, J.-B., Heather, J. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460030303 · Cited by 3,744
DISCONNEXION SYNDROMES IN ANIMALS AND MAN
Geschwind, N. (1965) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/88.2.237 · Cited by 3,419
Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language
Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywltz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Bronen, R. A., Fletcher, J. M., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/373607a0 · Cited by 1,374
Self-citation
Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies
Galaburda, A. M., Sherman, G. F., Rosen, G. D., Aboitiz, F., & Geschwind, N. (1985) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410180210 · Cited by 1,312
Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based test of the phonological-core variable-difference model.
Stanovich, K. E., & Siegel, L. S. (1994) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.24 · Cited by 1,282
Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests–Revised
Greenberg, D. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2562 · Cited by 930
Activation of Extrastriate and Frontal Cortical Areas by Visual Words and Word-Like Stimuli
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2396097 · Cited by 821

Show all 43 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

A M Liberman Reading and Spelling: Development and Disorders, eds C Hulme, R M Joshi (Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ), pp. 5–18 (1998).
A M Liberman Speech: A Special Code, ed A M Liberman (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp. 1–44 (1996).
J Dejerine C R Societe du Biologie 43, 197–201 (1891).

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 868

Phonemic manipulation in Japanese: an fMRI study
Seki, A., Okada, T., Koeda, T., & Sadato, N. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.03.012 · Cited by 29
Phonological processing in first‐degree relatives of individuals with autism: An fMRI study
Wilson, L. B., Tregellas, J. R., Slason, E., Pasko, B. E., Hepburn, S., & Rojas, D. C. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22001 · Cited by 32
Letter and Speech Sound Association in Emerging Readers With Familial Risk of Dyslexia
Plewko, J., Chyl, K., Bola, Ł., Łuniewska, M., Dębska, A., Banaszkiewicz, A., Wypych, M., Marchewka, A., van Atteveldt, N., & Jednoróg, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00393 · Cited by 29
The pars triangularis in dyslexia and ADHD: A comprehensive approach
Kibby, M. Y., Kroese, J. M., Krebbs, H., Hill, C. E., & Hynd, G. W. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.03.001 · Cited by 29
Meta-analysis of the Association Between DCDC2 Polymorphisms and Risk of Dyslexia
Zhong, R., Yang, B., Tang, H., Zou, L., Song, R., Zhu, L., & Miao, X. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8381-7 · Cited by 28
Functional Correlates of Children's Responsiveness to Intervention
Davis, N., Barquero, L. A., Compton, D. L., Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.549875 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Neurofunctionally dissecting the reading system in children
Liebig, J., Froehlich, E., Morawetz, C., Braun, M., Jacobs, A., Heekeren, H., & Ziegler, J. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.002 · Cited by 20
Decoupling of the Occipitotemporal Cortex and the Brain’s Default-Mode Network in Dyslexia and a Role for the Cingulate Cortex in Good Readers: A Brain Imaging Study of Brazilian Children
Buchweitz, A., Costa, A. C., Toazza, R., Bassôa, A., Cará, V. M., Esper, N. B., Aguzzoli, C. S., Gregolim, B., Dresch, L. F., Soldatelli, M. D., et al. (2018) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2017.1292516 · Cited by 30
Development and Disorders of Neurocognitive Systems for Oral Language and Reading
Booth, J. R., & Burman, D. D. (2001) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1511244 · Cited by 28
Three Conundrums of Language Lateralization
Baynes, K., & Long, D. L. (2007) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00006.x · Cited by 27
Cognitive and emotional empathy in typical and impaired readers and its relationship to reading competence
Gabay, Y., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Goldfarb, L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1199663 · Cited by 27
Brain activity in struggling readers before intervention relates to future reading gains
Nugiel, T., Roe, M. A., Taylor, W. P., Cirino, P. T., Vaughn, S. R., Fletcher, J. M., Juranek, J. J., & Church, J. A. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.009 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Resting-state functional connectivity and reading subskills in children
Cross, A. M., Ramdajal, R., Peters, L., Vandermeer, M. R. J., Hayden, E. P., Frijters, J. C., Steinbach, K. A., Lovett, M. W., Archibald, L. M. D., & Joanisse, M. F. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118529 · Cited by 27
The Effect of Talker and Intonation Variability on Speech Perception in Noise in Children With Dyslexia
Hazan, V. L., Messaoud‐Galusi, S., & Rosen, S. (2012) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/10-0107 · Cited by 29
A nomeação seriada rápida em escolares com e sem queixas de problemas de aprendizagem em escola pública e particular
Bicalho, L. G. R., & Alves, L. M. (2010) · Revista CEFAC · doi:10.1590/s1516-18462010005000018 · Cited by 27
At the rhythm of language: Brain bases of language-related frequency perception in children
Kovelman, I., Mascho, K., Millott, L., Mastic, A., Moiseff, B., & Shalinsky, M. H. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.066 · Cited by 27
Anomalous Cerebellar Anatomy in Chinese Children with Dyslexia
Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, B., Zhang, Y.-W., & Bi, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00324 · Cited by 27
Reading network in dyslexia: Similar, yet different.
Waldie, K., Wilson, A., Roberts, R., & Moreau, D. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.07.004 · Cited by 27
Functional Abnormalities in the Neural Circuitry of Reading in Men with Nonsyndromic Clefts of the Lip or Palate
Goldsberry, G., OʼLeary, D. S., Hichwa, R. D., & Nopoulos, P. (2006) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1597/05-043 · Cited by 27
Speaking With One's Self Autoscopic Phenomena in Writings from the Ecstatic Kabbalah
Arzy, S., Idel, M., Landis, T., & Blanke, O. (2005) · Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) · Cited by 26
Brain networks associated with sublexical properties of Chinese characters
Yang, J., Wang, X., Hua Shu, A., & Zevin, J. D. (2011) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.03.004 · Cited by 26
Mathematical skills in children with dyslexia
Träff, U., & Passolunghi, M. C. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.03.024 · Cited by 26
Children with Reading Disability Show Brain Differences in Effective Connectivity for Visual, but Not Auditory Word Comprehension
Liu, L., Vira, A., Friedman, E., Minas, J. E., Bolger, D. J., Bitan, T., & Booth, J. R. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013492 · Cited by 26
Verbal Short‐Term Memory Deficits in Chinese Children with Dyslexia may not be a Problem with the Activation of Phonological Representations
Zhao, J., Yang, Y., Song, Y., & Bi, H. (2015) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1516 · Cited by 26
What does the brain of children with developmental dyslexia tell us about reading improvement? ERP evidence from an intervention study
Hasko, S., Groth, K., Bruder, J., Bartling, J., & Schulte-KÃ¶rne, G. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00441 · Cited by 26
Structural changes in functionally illiterate adults after intensive training
Boltzmann, M., Mohammadi, B., Samii, A., Münte, T. F., & Rüsseler, J. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.049 · Cited by 29
Semantic and lexical features of words dissimilarly affected by non-fluent, logopenic, and semantic primary progressive aphasia
Vonk, J. M. J., Jonkers, R., Hubbard, H. I., Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., Brickman, A. M., & Obler, L. K. (2019) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617719000948 · Cited by 26
Dyslexia and Dysgraphia
Mather, D. S. (2003) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194030360040301 · Cited by 26
Functional Neuroanatomy of Impaired Reading in Dyslexia
Salmelin, R. H., & Helenius, P. (2004) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0803_5 · Cited by 26
Distinct information processing characteristics in dyslexia and ADHD during a covert orienting task: An event-related potential study
Dhar, M., Been, P. H., Minderaa, R. B., & Althaus, M. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.05.027 · Cited by 25
Altered Functional Connectivity of the Executive Functions Network During a Stroop Task in Children with Reading Difficulties
Levinson, O., Hershey, A., Farah, R., & Horowitz‐Kraus, T. (2018) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2018.0595 · Cited by 25
The Role of Neural and Genetic Processes in Learning to Read and Specific Reading Disabilities: Implications for Instruction
Church, J. A., Grigorenko, E. L., & Fletcher, J. M. (2021) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1002/rrq.439 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
The Neural Basis of Reading
(2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300369.001.0001 · Cited by 25
Pictogram naming in dyslexic and normal children assessed by SLO
Trauzettel‐Klosinski, S., MacKeben, M., Reinhard, J., Feucht, A., Dürrwächter, U., & Klosinski, G. (2002) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00318-2 · Cited by 25
The caudal infrasylvian surface in dyslexia
Green, R. L., Hutsler, J. J., Loftus, W. C., Tramo, M. J., Thomas, C. E., Silberfarb, A. W., Nordgren, R. E., Nordgren, R. A., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.5.974 · Cited by 25
The case of letter rhyming: An ERP study
Coch, D., George, E., & Berger, N. I. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00701.x · Cited by 25
EEG Correlates of Cerebral Engagement in Reading Tasks
Bizas, E., Simos, P. G., Stam, C. J., Arvanitis, S., Terzakis, D., & Micheloyannis, S. (1999) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1023/a:1023410227707 · Cited by 25
Language and Brain: What is Up? What is Coming Up?
Démonet, J., & Thierry, G. (2001) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.23.1.49.1218 · Cited by 25
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopic Imaging of the Brain: Application of fmri and fmrs to Reading Disabilities and Education
Richards, T. L. (2001) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1511243 · Cited by 25
Dyslexia and learning computer programming
Powell, N. J., Moore, D., Gray, J. M., Finlay, J., & Reaney, J. (2004) · Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences · doi:10.11120/ital.2004.03020005 · Cited by 25
Typical and Atypical Development of Visual Expertise for Print as Indexed by the Visual Word N1 (N170w): A Systematic Review
Amora, K. K., Tretow, A., Verwimp, C., Tijms, J., Leppänen, P. H. T., & Csépe, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.898800 · Cited by 24
Dynamic time warping in the analysis of event-related potentials
Casarotto, S., Bianchi, A. M., Cerutti, S., & Chiarenza, G. A. (2005) · IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine · doi:10.1109/memb.2005.1384103 · Cited by 24
Seeking a reading machine for the blind and discovering the speech code.
Shankweiler, D., & Fowler, C. A. (2014) · History of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038299 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Neurocognitive mechanisms of co‐occurring math difficulties in dyslexia: Differences in executive function and visuospatial processing
Marks, R. A., Pollack, C., Meisler, S. L., D’Mello, A. M., Centanni, T. M., Romeo, R. R., Wade, K., Matejko, A. A., Ansari, D., Gabrieli, J. D. E., et al. (2023) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13443 · Cited by 26
Neural deficits in auditory phonological processing in Chinese children with English reading impairment
Meng, X., You, H., Song, M., Desroches, A. S., Wang, Z., WEI, N., Tian, M., Gaab, N., & Ding, G. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000073 · Cited by 23
Synaesthesia and Individual Differences
Rogowska, A. M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316156230 · Cited by 25
Dyslexia: What Reading Teachers Need to Know
Johnston, V. (2019) · The Reading Teacher · doi:10.1002/trtr.1830 · Cited by 23
Whole-Brain Functional Networks for Phonological and Orthographic Processing in Chinese Good and Poor Readers
Yang, J., & Tan, L. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02945 · Cited by 27
Visual naming deficits in dyslexia: An ERP investigation of different processing domains
Araújo, S., Faísca, L., Reis, A., Marques, J. F., & Petersson, K. M. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.007 · Cited by 23
Neurobiología de la dislexia del desarrollo: una revisión
Gutiérrez, A. L., Flores, M. J. R., & Ostrosky‐Solís, F. (2003) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.3611.2003054 · Cited by 23
Reading difficulty is associated with failure to lateralize temporooccipital function
Tailby, C., Weintrob, D. L., Saling, M. M., Fitzgerald, C., & Jackson, G. D. (2014) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12607 · Cited by 23
How Learning to Read Changes the Listening Brain
Romanovska, L., & Bonte, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726882 · Cited by 28
Supporting Dyslexia in the Programming Classroom
Stienen-Durand, S., & George, J. (2014) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.046 · Cited by 22
Brain activity while reading words and pseudo-words: A comparison between dyslexic and fluent readers
Shaul, S., Arzouan, Y., & Goldstein, A. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.03.005 · Cited by 22
Language Structure Knowledge of Preservice Teachers: Connecting Speech to Print
Gormley, S., & Ruhl, K. L. (2007) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/088840640703000203 · Cited by 22
Does IQ affect the functional brain network involved in pseudoword reading in students with reading disability? A magnetoencephalography study
Simos, P. G., Rezaie, R., Papanicolaou, A. C., & Fletcher, J. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00932 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
How Does the Brain Read Words?
Sandak, R., Frost, S. J., Rueckl, J. G., Landi, N., Mencl, W. E., Katz, L. D., & Pugh, K. R. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139029377.012 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Women prefer men who use metaphorical language when paying compliments in a romantic context
Gao, Z., Gao, S., Xu, L., Zheng, X., Ma, X., Luo, L., & Kendrick, K. M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40871 · Cited by 22
Evidence-Based Reading Policy in the United States: How Scientific Research Informs Instructional Practices
Lyon, R., Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., & Chhabra, V. (2005) · Brookings papers on education policy · doi:10.1353/pep.2005.0009 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Assessing Auditory Processing Disorders in Children with Developmental Dyslexia Using Auditory Cognitive Event-Related Potentials
Maciejewska, B., Wiskirska-Woźnica, B., Świdziński, P., & Michalak, M. (2013) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000354167 · Cited by 22
Anterior–posterior beta asymmetries in dyslexia during lexical decisions
Milne, R. D., Hamm, J. P., Kirk, I. J., & Corballis, M. C. (2003) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00557-6 · Cited by 22
Dyslexia on a continuum: A complex network approach
Edwards, E. S., Burke, K., Booth, J. R., & McNorgan, C. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208923 · Cited by 21
Developmental dyslexia: a condensed review of literature
Kuerten, A. B., Mota, M. B., & Segaert, K. (2019) · Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language Literatures in English and Cultural Studies · doi:10.5007/2175-8026.2019v72n3p249 · Cited by 21
A Neurological Model of Dyslexia and Other Domain-specific Developmental Disorders with an Associated Sensorimotor Syndrome.
Ramus, F. (2006) · Cited by 21
Double-letter processing in surface dyslexia and dysgraphia following a left temporal lesion: A multimodal neuroimaging study
Tomasino, B., Marin, D., Maieron, M., D’Agostini, S., Fabbro, F., Škrap, M., & Luzzatti, C. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.010 · Cited by 21
Deaf Poor Readers' Pattern Reversal Visual Evoked Potentials Suggest Magnocellular System Deficits: Implications for Diagnostic Neuroimaging of Dyslexia in Deaf Individuals
Samar, V. J., Parasnis, I., & Berent, G. P. (2002) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2001.2498 · Cited by 21
A review of the neurobiological basis of dyslexia in the adult population
Ferrer, M. S., & Martínez, E. P. (2016) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2014.08.008 · Cited by 21
Lateralization of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Learning Disabilities, as Defined by Disability‐related Civil Rights Law
Butterbaugh, G. J., Olejniczak, P. W., Roques, B., Costa, R., Rose, M., Fisch, B. J., Carey, M. E., Thomson, J., & Skinner, J. (2004) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.29803.x · Cited by 21
Developmental changes in the linguistic brain after puberty
Proverbio, A. M., & Zani, A. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.02.001 · Cited by 21
Cerebral functional asymmetry and phonological performance in dyslexic adults
Hernandez, N., Andersson, F., Edjlali, M., Hommet, C., Cottier, J. P., Destrieux, C., & Bonnet‐Brilhault, F. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12141 · Cited by 20
Multi-Senses Explication Activities Module for Dyslexic Children in Malaysia
Subramaniam, V., Mallan, V. K., & Mat, N. H. C. M. N. H. C. (2013) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v9n7p241 · Cited by 20
Quantitative EEG in Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities
Chiarenza, G. A. (2020) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059420962343 · Cited by 22
Neurobiología y neurogenética de la dislexia
Benítez‐Burraco, A. (2010) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2009.12.010 · Cited by 22
Right hemisphere contribution to developmental language disorder
Plante, E., Boliek, C. A., Mahendra, N., Story, J., & Glaspey, K. (2001) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0021-9924(01)00059-4 · Cited by 20
In celebration of science in the study of reading development, reading difficulties, and reading instruction: The NICHD perspective
REIDLYON, G. (1999) · Issues in Education · doi:10.1016/s1080-9724(99)00017-8 · Cited by 20
Does Dyslexia Develop from Learning the Alphabet in the Wrong Hemisphere? A Cognitive Neuroscience Analysis
Mather, D. S. (2001) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2424 · Cited by 20
Consequências sociais e emocionais da dislexia de desenvolvimento: um estudo de caso
Carvalhais, L. S. D. A., & da Silva, C. F. (2007) · Psicologia Escolar e Educacional · doi:10.1590/s1413-85572007000100003 · Cited by 19
The Neural Bases of Reading
Perfetti, C. A., Nelson, J. R., Liu, Y., Fiez, J. A., & Tan, L. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300369.003.0006 · Cited by 19
A Special Chinese Reading Acceleration Training Paradigm: To Enhance the Reading Fluency and Comprehension of Chinese Children with Reading Disabilities
Dai, L., Zhang, C., & Liu, X. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01937 · Cited by 19
Own-race and other-race face recognition problems without visual expertise problems in dyslexic readers
Sigurdardottir, H. M., Hjartarson, K. H., Gudmundsson, G. L., & Kristjansson, A. K. (2019) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2019.02.010 · Cited by 19
Dyslexic and typical-reading children use vowel digraphs as perceptual units in reading
Marinus, E., & de Jong, P. F. (2010) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.509803 · Cited by 19
Wots that werd? Pseudowords (non-words) may be a misleading measure of phonological skills in young learner readers
Thomson, B., Crewther, D. P., & Crewther, S. G. (2006) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.328 · Cited by 19
Relationships Among Cortical Thickness, Reading Skill, and Print Exposure in Adults
Goldman, J. G., & Manis, F. R. (2012) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2011.620673 · Cited by 22
Cognitive and Neurobiologic Influences in Reading and in Dyslexia
Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1999) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn1603_21 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
Brain Structure Correlates of Component Reading Processes: Implications for Reading Disability
Phinney, E. M., Pennington, B. F., OLSON, R., Filley, C. M., & Filipek, P. A. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70506-9 · Cited by 19
Children with dyslexia show cortical hyperactivation in response to increasing literacy processing demands
Morken, F., Helland, T., Hugdahl, K., & Specht, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01491 · Cited by 22
An fMRI study of nonverbally gifted reading disabled adults: has deficit compensation effected gifted potential?
Gilger, J. W., Talavage, T. M., & Olulade, O. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00507 · Cited by 18
Brain-behavior relations in reading and dyslexia: Implications of Chinese results
Perfetti, C. A., Tan, L., & Siok, W. T. (2006) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.04.010 · Cited by 18
Learning and memory in the human brain
Petersson, K. M. (2005) · Figshare · Cited by 18
Chapter 4 Functional neuroimaging of cognition
Perani, D. (2008) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/s0072-9752(07)88004-3 · Cited by 17
Functional MRI evidence for the importance of visual short‐term memory in logographic reading
Koyama, M. S., Stein, J. F., Stoodley, C. J., & Hansen, P. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07534.x · Cited by 17
Predicting Growth in Word Level Reading Skills in Children With Developmental Dyslexia Using an Object Rhyming Functional Neuroimaging Task
Farris, E. A., Ring, J. J., Black, J. L., Lyon, G. R., & Odegard, T. N. (2016) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2016.1158264 · Cited by 17
When transparency is opaque: Effects of diacritic marks and vowel letters on dyslexic Hebrew readers
Weiss, Y., Katzir, T., & Bitan, T. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.07.017 · Cited by 17
A Working Memory Deficit among Dyslexic Readers with No Phonological Impairment as Measured Using the N-Back Task: An fNIR Study
Sela, I., İzzetoğlu, M., İzzetoğlu, K., & Onaral, B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046527 · Cited by 17
Brain Mechanisms and Reading Remediation: More Questions Than Answers
Pammer, K. (2014) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2014/802741 · Cited by 17
Early Child Development and Experience-based Brain Development - The Scientific Underpinnings of the Importance of Early Child Development in a Globalized World * J. F. Mustard Founding President of The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Mustard, J. F. (2006) · Cited by 17
The duplicity of plasticity: a conceptual approach to the study of early lesions and developmental disorders
Müller, R., & Courchesne, E. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511470998.027 · Cited by 17
Cortical responses to letters and ambiguous speech vary with reading skills in dyslexic and typically reading children
Romanovska, L., Janssen, R., & Bonte, M. (2021) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102588 · Cited by 25
fMRI of Language Systems: Methods and Applications
Binder, J. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0345-7_23 · Cited by 17
Review of neurological techniques of diagnosing dyslexia in children
Mohamad, S., Mansor, W., & Lee, K. Y. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET) · doi:10.1109/icsengt.2013.6650206 · Cited by 16

Authors: Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Constable, R. T., Mencl, W. E., Shankweiler, D. P., Liberman, A. M., Skudlarski, P., Fletcher, J. M., Katz, L., Marchione, K. E., Lacadie, C., Gatenby, C., & Gore, J. C.
Affiliations: Haskins Laboratories (US)
ORCID: Shaywitz, Sally E.
Shaywitz, Bennett A.
Fulbright, Robert K.
Constable, R. Todd
Fletcher, Jack M.
Lacadie, Cheryl
Gatenby, Christopher
Gore, John C.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1998-03-03
Volume: 95
Issue: 5
Pages: 2636-2641
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2636
PMC: PMC19444
OpenAlex: W2114112991
Cited by: 872
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 66.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p01hd021888-10)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD25802, P50 HD25802)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD21888, P50 HD25802, P50HD025802)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: dyslexia, phonological awareness, reading acquisition, brain activation patterns, Wernicke's area, angular gyrus, primary visual cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, phonological analysis
MeSH terms: Brain, Brain Mapping, Dyslexia, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Language, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reading, Reference Values

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks