The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Identification of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) for the Rap1 GTPase
Open accessAbstract
Although the Ras subfamily of GTPases consists of approximately 20 members, only a limited number of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that couple extracellular stimuli to Ras protein activation have been identified. Furthermore, no novel downstream effectors have been identified for the M-Ras/R-Ras3 GTPase. Here we report the identification and characterization of three Ras family GEFs that are most abundantly expressed in brain. Two of these GEFs, MR-GEF (M-Ras-regulated GEF, KIAA0277) and PDZ-GEF (KIAA0313) bound specifically to nucleotide-free Rap1 and Rap1/Rap2, respectively. Both proteins functioned as Rap1 GEFs in vivo. A third GEF, GRP3 (KIAA0846), activated both Ras and Rap1 and shared significant sequence homology with the calcium- and diacylglycerol-activated GEFs, GRP1 and GRP2. Similarly to previously identified Rap GEFs, C3G and Smg GDS, each of the newly identified exchange factors promoted the activation of Elk-1 in the LNCaP prostate tumor cell line where B-Raf can couple Rap1 to the extracellular receptor-activated kinase cascade. MR-GEF and PDZ-GEF both contain a region immediately N-terminal to their catalytic domains that share sequence homology with Ras-associating or RalGDS/AF6 homology (RA) domains. By searching for in vitro interaction with Ras-GTP proteins, PDZ-GEF specifically bound to Rap1A- and Rap2B-GTP, whereas MR-GEF bound to M-Ras-GTP. C-terminally truncated MR-GEF, lacking the GEF catalytic domain, retained its ability to bind M-Ras-GTP, suggesting that the RA domain is important for this interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the interaction of M-Ras-GTP with MR-GEF in vivo. In addition, a constitutively active M-Ras(71L) mutant inhibited the ability of MR-GEF to promote Rap1A activation in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that M-Ras may inhibit Rap1 in order to elicit its biological effects.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“it also uniquely associates with SHOC2 and PPI1C40 as well as certain RapGEFs52,53.”
From Co-targeting SOS1 enhances the antitumor effects of KRASG12C inhibitors by addressing intrinsic and acquired resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
Citations
Cites
Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP
de Rooij, J., Zwartkruis, F. J. T., Verheijen, M. H. G., Cool, R. H., Nijman, S. M. B., Wittinghofer, A., & Bos, J. L. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/24884 · Cited by 1,970
Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives
Boguski, M. S., & McCormick, F. P. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/366643a0 · Cited by 1,905
A Family of cAMP-Binding Proteins That Directly Activate Rap1
Kawasaki, H., Springett, G. M., Mochizuki, N., Toki, S., Nakaya, M., Matsuda, M., Housman, D. E., & Graybiel, A. M. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5397.2275 · Cited by 1,386
Increasing complexity of Ras signaling
Campbell, S. L., Khosravi-Far, R., Rossman, K. L., Clark, G. J., & Der, C. J. (1998) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202174 · Cited by 1,079
cAMP Activates MAP Kinase and Elk-1 through a B-Raf- and Rap1-Dependent Pathway
Vossler, M. R., Yao, H. W., York, R. D., Pan, M., Rim, C. S., & Stork, P. A. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80184-1 · Cited by 1,044
A ras-related gene with transformation suppressor activity
Kitayama, H., Sugimoto, Y., Matsuzaki, T., Ikawa, Y., & Noda, M. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90985-9 · Cited by 942
The structural basis of the activation of Ras by Sos
Boriack-Sjodin, P. A., Margarit, S. M., Bar-Sagi, D., & Kuriyan, J. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/28548 · Cited by 799
RasGRP, a Ras Guanyl Nucleotide- Releasing Protein with Calcium- and Diacylglycerol-Binding Motifs
Ebinu, J. O., Bottorff, D. A., Chan, E. Y. W., Stang, S. L., Dunn, R. J., & Stone, J. C. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1082 · Cited by 680
A repeating amino acid motif shared by proteins with diverse cellular roles
Peifer, M. A., Berg, S., & Reynolds, A. B. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90353-0 · Cited by 643
Yeh, S., Lin, H., Kang, H., Thin, T. H., Lin, M., & Chang, C. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.10.5458 · Cited by 594
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Wittinghofer, 1998, Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 379, 933
- Chen, 1999, Cancer Res., 59, 213
- Lai, 1993, Mol. Cell. Biol., 13, 1345
- Mosteller, 1994, Mol. Cell. Biol., 14, 1104
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–164 of 164
Zhang, K., Ward, K. R., & Schrader, J. W. (2004) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.242.2.4 · Cited by 16
Ras GTPases’ interaction with effector domains
Patel, M., & Côté, J. (2013) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.4161/cib.24298 · Cited by 15
Light it up: Highly efficient multigene delivery in mammalian cells
Trowitzsch, S., Klumpp, M., Thoma, R., Carralot, J., & Berger, I. (2011) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201100109 · Cited by 15
Katsoulotos, G. P., Qi, M., Qi, J. C., Tanaka, K., Hughes, W. E., Molloy, T. J., Adachi, R., Stevens, R. L., & Krilis, S. A. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m707042200 · Cited by 14
PLCB4 upregulation is associated with unfavorable prognosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Wu, S., Zhang, W., Shen, D., Lu, J., & Zhao, L. (2019) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2019.10921 · Cited by 14
M-Ras is Muscle-Ras, Moderate-Ras, Mineral-Ras, Migration-Ras, and Many More-Ras
Endo, T. (2020) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112342 · Cited by 14
Structure, functional regulation and signaling properties of Rap2B
Qu, D., Huang, H., Di, J., Gao, K., Lu, Z., & Zheng, J. (2016) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2016.4261 · Cited by 14
Regulation of Rap GTPases in mammalian neurons
Shah, B., & Püschel, A. W. (2016) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/hsz-2016-0165 · Cited by 14
Miyoshi, J., & Takai, Y. (2009) · AfCS-Nature Molecule Pages · doi:10.1038/mp.a002062.01 · Cited by 12
Palmowski, P., Rogowska-Wrzesińska, A., Williamson, J. C., Beck, H. C., Mikkelsen, J. D., Hansen, H. H., & Jensen, O. N. (2014) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr4010794 · Cited by 12
Karaczyn, A. A., Cheng, R. Y. S., Buzard, G. S., Hartley, J. L., Esposito, D., & Kasprzak, K. S. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Bithell, A. (2003) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2003.09.017 · Cited by 12
Cytoplasmic Protein Serine/Threonine Kinases
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4370-4_5 · Cited by 11
MicroRNA Polymorphisms and Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Schmit, S. L., Gollub, J., Shapero, M. H., Huang, S., Rennert, H. S., Finn, A., Rennert, G., & Gruber, S. B. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0219 · Cited by 11
Jeevaratnam, K., Salvage, S. C., Li, M., & Huang, C. L.-H. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13861 · Cited by 11
Khan, A., Ni, W., Baltazar, T., López‐Giráldez, F., Pober, J. S., & Pierce, R. W. (2022) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202101873rr · Cited by 9
Sim, E. U., Chan, S. L.-L., Ng, K.-L., Lee, C. W., & Narayanan, K. (2016) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2016/5179594 · Cited by 9
Bithell, A., Hsu, T., Kandanearatchi, A., Landau, S., Everall, I., Tsuang, M. T., Chana, G., & Williams, B. P. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010392 · Cited by 9
Cytoplasmic Protein Tyrosine Kinases
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4370-4_4 · Cited by 8
Expression of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RAPGEF5, during mouse and human embryogenesis
Alharatani, R., Griffin, J. N., & Liu, K. J. (2019) · Gene Expression Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.gep.2019.119057 · Cited by 8
Savoldi, I. R., Ibelli, A. M. G., Cantão, M. E., Peixoto, J. D. O., Pires, M. P., Morés, M. A. Z., Lagos, E. B., Lopes, J. S., Zanella, R., & Ledur, M. C. (2021) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-021-08138-4 · Cited by 11
Guanosine Triphosphatases and Their Regulators
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4370-4_9 · Cited by 7
cAMP–PKA/EPAC signaling pathways: crucial regulators of lipid homeostasis
Chen, C., Gao, H., Tian, Q., & Cao, J. (2026) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2025.2603605 · Cited by 6
Activation of Ras Proteins by Ras Guanine Nucleotide Releasing Protein Family Members
Lambert, Q. T., & Reuther, G. W. (2006) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(05)07008-4 · Cited by 6
Activation of small GTPases of the Ras and Rho family by growth factors active on mast cells
Schrader, J. W., Schallhorn, A., Grill, B. J., & Guo, X. (2002) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00060-3 · Cited by 6
THEMIS2 contributes to ovarian cancer metastasis via DOCK4-mediated activation of Rap1 signaling
Zhou, K., Ma, X., Yan, T., Hu, L., Tian, Y., Zheng, H., Xie, S., Tong, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, L., et al. (2025) · Cellular Oncology · doi:10.1007/s13402-025-01057-6 · Cited by 5
Egami, Y., & Araki, N. (2018) · Microscopy · doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfx131 · Cited by 5
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Module
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4370-4_6 · Cited by 5
Syndapin and GTPase RAP-1 control endocytic recycling via RHO-1 and non-muscle myosin II
Rodriguez-Polanco, W. R., Norris, A., Velasco, A. B., Gleason, A. M., & Grant, B. D. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.051 · Cited by 4
Xu, Q. Q., Luo, Y., Chao, Z., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Tu, D., Guo, Q., Sun, R., Wang, F., & Fang, M. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14233493 · Cited by 3
Association of Inherited Genetic Variants with Multiple Primary Melanoma
Gibbs, D. C., Small, B. M., Autuori, I., Leong, S. F., Ali, E., Kenney, J., Luo, L., Kanetsky, P. A., BUSAM, K. J., Cust, A. E., et al. (2025) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-24-1442 · Cited by 3
Potapova, I. A., Cohen, I. S., & Doronin, S. V. (2007) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05966.x · Cited by 3
Repasky, G. A., Cox, A. D., Hanker, A. B., Mitin, N., & Der, C. J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374145-5.00214-x · Cited by 3
de Gunzburg, J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4708-8_13 · Cited by 2
Dual-Specificity Protein Kinases
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4370-4_7 · Cited by 2
Importance of the REM (Ras exchange) domain for membrane interactions by RasGRP3
Czikora, Á., Kedei, N., Kalish, H. R., & Blumberg, P. M. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.010 · Cited by 2
Rangel-López, A., Mata‐Rocha, M., Pérez-González, O. A., López-Romero, R., López-Sánchez, D. M., Juárez‐Méndez, S., Villegas-Ruíz, V., Méndez-Tenorio, A., Mejía‐Aranguré, J. M., Orihuela-Rodríguez, Ó., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26083732 · Cited by 1
Rare heterozygous de novo variants in RAPGEF2 are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder
Bereshneh, A. H., Wilson, K. A., Pan, X., Hannan, S. B., Cooper, M. A., Diaz, J., Leon, E. L., Moses, T. M., Azamian, M. S., Scott, D. A., et al. (2026) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.gim.2026.101685 · Cited by 1
Maia, V. S. C. (2012) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.115539 · Cited by 1
Oh, A., Lee, S.-K., Kim, M. H., Cheong, J. Y., Cho, S. W., Yang, K., & Kwack, K. (2008) · Genomics & Informatics · doi:10.5808/gi.2008.6.4.181 · Cited by 1
Rojas, R. J. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/hnwm-6m77 · Cited by 1
Lacaze, P. A. (2011) · ERA · Cited by 1
Preamble to Cytoplasmic Protein Kinases
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4370-4_3
Spatiotemporal regulation of Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors
Consonni, S. V. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Ras-like small GTPases in platelet biology
de Bruyn, K. M. T. (2002) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Cytosolic Protein Phosphatases
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4370-4_8
Other Major Types of Signaling Mediators
Thiriet, M. (2012) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4370-4_10
Szatkowski, D. (2007) · DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen)
The Dock Family of Atypical Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors: Regulation by ELMO1 and RhoG
Holley, C. P. (2008) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/m95n-qm88
MicroRNA Polymorphisms and Risk of Colorectal
Schmit, S. L., Gollub, J., Shapero, M. H., Huang, S., Rennert, H. S., Finn, A., Rennert, G., & Gruber, S. B. (2014)
The spatial control of Rap1 and Epac proteins
Liu, C. (2010) · doi:10.6083/m42r3ppd
Murphy, G. A., Cox, A. D., & Der, C. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012124546-7/50595-7
The role of RasGRP3 in the embryonic response to phorbol esters and diabetes
Fried, J. H. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/m4ak-kd13
RAPGEF5 regulates nuclear translocation of β-cateninPreprint
Griffin, J. N., del Viso, F., Duncan, A. R., Robson, A., Kulkarni, S., Liu, K. J., & Khokha, M. K. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/152892
MOAP-1: A Candidate Tumor Suppressor Protein
Law, J. (2012) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3v60p
Role of Rap1 in Angiogenesis and Tumor Invasion
Yan, J. (2009) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2/1852
Quilliam, L. A. (2006) · AfCS-Nature Molecule Pages · doi:10.1038/mp.a001038.01
Self-citationRodriguez-Polanco, W. R., Norris, A., Velasco, A. B., Gleason, A. M., & Grant, B. D. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.27.530328
Kim, J. H., Lee, B. D., Park, J., Lee, Y. M., Moon, E., Suh, H., Kim, K., Kim, Y. J., Lee, H., & Oh, H. Y. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000038694
Wu, Z., Ren, M., Tan, M., Yang, B., Chen, S., Yang, F., Yuan, G., & Tan, J. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression · doi:10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2025056960
Thakur, R., Xu, M., Thornock, A. M., Yon, J., Anyaso-Samuel, S., Lauss, M., Rehling, T., Bui, L. T., Sowards, H., Duncan, G., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.691936
Thakur, R., Xu, M., Thornock, A., Yon, J., Anyaso-Samuel, S., Lauss, M., Rehling, T., Bui, L. T., Sowards, H., Duncan, G., et al. (2026) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2026.08.014 · Cited by 1
Jin, B., Liu, S., Huang, H., Yang, L., Wei, D., Dai, W., Zhou, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Ye, Q., et al. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-026-02876-1
Metadata
- Authors
- Rebhun, J. F., Castro, A. F., & Quilliam, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Quilliam, Lawrence A.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-11
- Volume
- 275
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 34901-34908
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033334272
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Keywords
- guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Rap1 GTPase, M-Ras, Ras family GTPases, Rap1A, Rap2B, Elk-1, BRAF, GTPase activation, brain
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Brain, Calcium, Cell Line, Diglycerides, DNA-Binding Proteins, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Plasmids, Precipitin Tests, Protein Binding, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Tissue Distribution, Transcription Factors, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Blotting, Northern, Mutagenesis, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Protein Structure, Tertiary, DNA, Complementary, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf, Catalytic Domain, Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors, ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors, rap GTP-Binding Proteins, rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins, ets-Domain Protein Elk-1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review